Use in parallel with

To illustrate the above, consider a surge capacitor of 0.25 // F being used in parallel with a 350 kW, 6.6 kV motor. If the likely FOW is presumed to have an amplitude up to 5 p.u., then the energy this capacitor can absorb... 

This situation appears to be different when microwave conductivity measurements are used in parallel with electrochemical measurements. As Fig. 1 shows, there is a marked parallelism between electrochemical processes and microwave conductivity mechanisms. In both cases electrical fields interact with electronic or ionic charge carriers as well as dipoles. In electrochemical processes, it is a static or low-frequency electrical field that is moving electrical charge carriers or orienting dipoles. In a micro-wave measurement, the electric field of the microwave interacts with... 

Multidetector chromatographic-spectroscopic methods are frequently also described in terms of multidimensionality. In GC detection, both FTIR and AED are used in parallel with MS, i.e. after a split. GC-FTIR-MS systems are commercially available, at variance to GC-AED-MS. The latter can be applied in the analysis... 

An alternative nomenclature (Type I and Type II) has been proposed for subgroups of pyrethroids based not only on the syndromes of intoxication produced in mammals but also on their chemical structures, their signs of poisoning in insects, and their actions on insect nerve preparations [2, 14, 18]. The Type I/II nomenclature has been used in parallel with the T/CS nomenclature, so that Type I and Type II pyrethroids are generally considered to induce T- or CS syndrome, respectively [4]. However, the relationship between the two syndromes and types are neither necessarily confirmed in all pyrethroids nor absolute from the recent available data. 

Electron capture detectors are extremely sensitive (1 X 10 12 mol) but are specific for electrophilic compounds. However, they can be used in parallel with flame ionization detectors to identify specific peaks in a chromatogram. 

Acoustic emission (AE) is a technique that has been successfully employed to study fracture events in composites, where potentially, each failure mechanism has a unique acoustic signature (17-191. FE is another technique, which can be used in parallel with AE, and offers better sensitivity to the various microfracture processes. We have shown that interfacial failure between fiber and matrix in a composite produces significantly more intense emission and longer lasting decay... 

The term area specific emission rate is used in parallel with the term emission factor. ... 

Faceting of surfaces to reduce the amount of light lost by reflection should be used in parallel with decorating the surface with catalysts, to increase efficiency. 

The pyrolysis process for waste recycling is frequently done at larger scale than analytical pyrolysis. However, analytical pyrolysis studies are performed independently for the understanding and the optimization of such processes [10,16-19]. Also, model mixtures can be used in parallel with real samples. For example, the comparison of thermal degradation products from real municipal waste plastic and model mixed plastics can help understand the compounds generated in waste incinerators. In one such study [20], analytical pyrolysis of real municipal plastic waste obtained from Sapporo, Japan and model mixed plastics was carried out at 430 °C in atmospheric pressure by batch operation. The chlorinated hydrocarbons found in degradation liquid products of poly(ethylene)/poly(propylene)/ poly(styrene)/poly(vinyl chloride) and other polymeric mixtures were monitored. It was determined that the presence of poly(ethylene terephthalate), in addition to chlorinated plastics in the waste, facilitates... 

If standard samples are not available, a second independent and reliable analytical method can be used in parallel with the method being evaluated. The independent method should differ as much as possible from the one under study. This minimizes the possibility that some common factor in the sample has the same effect on both methods. Here again, a statistical test must be used to determine whether any difference is a result of random errors in the two methods or due to bias in the method under study (see Section 7B-2). 

Specific emission rate Product specific rate describing the mass of a volatile organic compound emitted from a product per unit time at a given time from the start of the test. The area-specific emission rate, SERg, is used in the standard. Several other specific emission rates can be defined according to different requirements, for example, length-specific emission rate, SERi, volume-specific emission rate, SER, and unit-specific emission rate, SER,. The term area-specific emission rate is sometimes used in parallel with the term emission factor. 

Of course, it should be noted that cure conversion or kinetic models themselves should be accurately determined, because they must be used in parallel with cure models of chemoviscosity. There are essentially two forms of kinetic model used to describe thermoset curing reactions, namely empirical and mechanistic models. Empirical models assume an overall reaction order and fit this model to the kinetic data. This type of model provides no information on the kinetic mechanisms of the reaction, and is predominantly used to provide models for industrial samples. Mechanistic models are derived Irom an analysis of the individual reactions involved during curing, which requires detailed measurements of the concentrations of reactants, intermediates and products. Essentially, mechanistic models are intrinsically more complex than empirical models however, they are not restricted by compositional changes, as are empirical models. Typical kinetic models used in the analysis of thermosetting chemical reactions are listed in Table 4.2. 

Once adopted as an alternate protocol through an annual report, the ICH conditions can be used, in parallel with the previously approved conditions, to generate stability data for subsequent supplemental changes. Alternatively, the applicant may report the alternative ICH conditions in a supplement, which requires stability data, if the supplement occurs before the next scheduled annual report. 

From the begiiming, other environmental tracers such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12), Kr, and more recently SFe have been used in parallel with H and He. Because of the different shape of their input functions, sources and sinks, the combination of these tracers provides better constraints on the ground-water flow regime than the use of a single method alone. In the following, two discussed in some more detail. 

As there is no doubt about the ition of the main fuel stream from the qualitative and quantitatively proven ignitor flame, this flame signal can be used in parallel with the flame scanner system. This then means that the ignitor is in continuous operation. In this case, internal flame scanner failure does not result in main flame cut-off. Only if the ignitor also shuts itself off (by lack of quality or quantity) will the main flame be extinguished. If the ignitors are operated discontinuously, failure of a scanner will shut off the associated main flame. 

Undoubtedly, LC-MS provides the most powerful tool to date, often used in parallel with other chemical or biochemical detection methods for the determination of MCs and their many variants. 

The elucidation of the chemistry of the biologically highly potent principle SRS has attracted the interest of many laboratories for several years. Recently, when the various compounds comprising SRS were structurally determined and found to be members of the leukotriene group, they were named according to the LT nomenclature. Previously, however, they were referred to as SRS, classified depending on cellular origin and the stimulus for the biosynthesis. The SRS nomenclature is now used in parallel with the LT nomenclature. 

The indirect safety norms may well be used in parallel with the direct norms. And there is little reason not to do that although the indirect norms may seem less potent than the direct norms as a means to achieve safety, they widen the range of tools available for the purpose. Rather than putting all bets on one horse - the detailed do s and don ts that are likely to affect safety directly - the safety regulation also requires the industry to establish procedures and expertise for handling and complying with the direct safety requirements. 

On the other hand, when the holistic metrics are used in parallel with the mass metrics referred to above, the results and conclusions about greenness may show differences. This is a consequence of the nature of the evaluation—systemic vs. reductionist—which implies that different components of the greenness may be captured in the assessment of the system by different metrics, as exemplified in Table 8.6. This table shows that some material components, like masses, yields, etc., are caught only by mass metrics, as these provide quantitative values. This lack of completeness is a limitation of the holistic metrics (as well as of the mass metrics), but is inherent to their systemic nature. This situation suggests that in practice the use of mass metrics in parallel with the holistic metrics, as often made in the cases studied, " provides a fuller account of greenness. 

Fatty acids esters and polymer additive with a wide range of masses could be determined. An FID was used in parallel with the mass spectrometer. 

Onboard fault detection is such an important facet of an intelligent sensor that density-based novelty detection may be used in parallel with more traditional approaches such as a residual-based fault detection approach [12]. Here, time series predictions from a data-based model using recent measurements retained in a buffer are compared with the actual current measurement provided by the sensor, to calculate a residual error between the two estimates. Significant discrepancy highlighted by a large residual error is indicative of an error condition. 

Adsorption is a basic separation technique that can be used in parallel with a reaction to, for example, increase conversion by removing a product. Reactive adsorption combines the separation role of, for example, a solid adsorbent with the reaction taking place on a different surface. The abihty to remove the adsorbent or to desorb one or more of the products of the reaction can be convenient and intensive , although adsorbents do not necessarily respond rapidly. There could well be, for instance, synergy between the fluidized-bed reactors and such adsorption processes. 

A custom operator interface was built for this system. This interface is used in parallel with the control system. It has a similar look and feel to the control system, but concentrates specifically on variables that are estimated by the model. The interface provides access to estimated quantities measured quantities used in the model trends of key variables, and alarms on present estimates and predicted values. All graphical elements are animated to enable process status to be seen at a glance. 

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