Urine bags

A combination of zinc pyrithione and organophosphoric ester compound forms a very powerful protection against bacterial growth. This film has been invented for production of urine bags. 

Fluid bags and containers for blood, plasma, intravenous solutions, urine incontinence... Blood vessels for artificial kidneys, heart and lung bypass sets. .. 

Urine should be between 91 and 97 degrees. NIDA certified labs will verify temperature. If the sample is out of the accepted temperature range, they will suspect you added water to the cup, or used substitution. Disposable pocket hand warmers (sold in department stores) will keep a urine sample warm, provided that the urine is in a condom or douche bag. 

In one particular case, a motorcyclist hit a car and was severely injured. At the hospital, approximately one hour after the accident, the cyclist s blood alcohol content (BAG) was 0.021%. Back extrapolation (see Chapter 7) to the time of the accident could increase that value to 0.036%. His urine tests revealed use of cocaine and marijuana. Marijuana metabolites were confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). All these results were used to try and prove that the cyclist was impaired. However, the presence of drug in urine is not a good indicator of drug concentration in blood or of impairment at the time of the accident, and the BAG was probably too low to cause impairment. At best, one could say that the cyclist does use drugs and uses several of them at the same time, but use of the drugs may not have played a role in causing the accident. The case was settled. 

In actual cases involving random employee urine tests that were positive for cocaine metabolite, people have offered many different ways of explaining the test results. For example, one person proposed that cocaine was put in his medication capsules, another that cocaine was added to her drink at a party, another person claimed that she inhaled cocaine as secondhand smoke while looking for someone in a crack house, and a garbage collector claimed that garbage bags had ripped open and covered him with white powder. Other explanations offered in defense... 

In a very early study, Shaffer et al. (1945) administered single oral doses of 5 and 10 g di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate to two human subjects and reported that approximately 4.5% of the dose was excreted in the urine within 24 h. Schmid and Schlatter (1985) also administered di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate orally to two human subjects, but at the much lower dose of 30 mg per person. These authors reported that 11-15% of the dose was excreted in the urine and a urinary elimination half-life of about 12 h can be estimated from the data. In the same study, the two volunteers also received 10 mg di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate daily for four days, there being no evidence of accumulation, with 11 and 33 % of the dose recovered each day in the urine. In contrast, Rubin and Schififer (1976) reported data from two patients receiving platelet transfusions from bags containing di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, who excreted between 60 and 90% of the infused dose in the urine collected for 24 h after transfusion. 

Urine is obtained using standard techniques including sterile midstream catch or catheterization. In infants, urine specimens obtained by placing a bag in the genitourinary region is undesirable due to contamination of glycerol from ointment and glycerin suppositories, unless the perineum is washed and rinsed well and no suppositories have been used recently [2, 5]. 

The measurement of digestibility in the bird is more complicated than in the pig, since faeces and urine are excreted together through the cloaca. As a result, it is necessary to separate the faeces and urine, usually by performing a surgical operation on the bird that allows collection of faeces in a colostomy bag. 

A third example was the presence of cocaine in an individual s urine due to accidental ingestion. Inca tea, a tea made from purportedly decocainized cocaine leaves purchased in a health food store, was brewed and ingested by an individual who was later found to be positive for cocaine. If the cocaine had been removed from the leaves as stated, the product would have been perfectly legal and could not have contributed to a positive urinalysis (low probability event number one). Likewise, if the individual had not been tested within a few hours of consuming the tea, the results probably would have been negative (low probability event number two). In this case, a sample of the tea bag was produced, analyzed, and found to contain cocaine in sufficient quantities to cause a positive urinalysis (low probabihty event number three). Further investigation revealed that Inca tea leaves were ground and dried cocaine leaves and not decocainized. The product was immediately removed from the market. - ... 

Urine samples from greyhoimds generally used, e.g. a net held on a met[Pg.89]

Sample containers and zippered bags (to seal urine, feces, blood, dressings, wound exudates, clothing, bandages, etc.)... 

A more down-to-Earth use of fuel cells is found in traffic-law enforcement. Police officers need quick and simple ways to determine a person s blood alcohol level in the field. In the time it takes to bring a person to the station or to a hospital for a blood or urine test, the person s blood alcohol content (BAG) might change. Fuel cells, such as the one in the device shown above, provide a quick and accurate way to measure BAG from a breath sample. The alcohol ethanol from the person s breath is oxidized to acetic acid at the anode. At the cathode, gaseous oxygen is reduced and combined with hydronium ions (released from the anode) to form water. The reactions generate an electric current. The size of this current is related to the BAG. 

Akesson B and Jonsson BAG (2000) Biological monitoring of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone using 5-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in plasma and urine as the biomarker. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 26 213-218. 

Collection of a timed specimen from an infant is difficult, but fortunately such specimens are rarely required. The scrotal or perineal area is first cleaned and dried, and any natural or applied skin oils are removed. For an untimed specimen, a plastic bag (U-bag, Hollister Inc, Chicago IL or Tink-Col, C.R. Bard, Inc, Murray Hill, NJ) is placed around the infant s genitalia and left in place until urine has been voided. 

Studies have shown that the addition of 30 milliliters of three percent H202 to the collection bag will keep the urine bacteria-free for eight hours.7 If you are facing surgery and will need a catheter, encourage your doctor to order peroxide for the collection bag. 

House dust serves as a reservoir for pesticides in households [85]. Dust ingestion scenarios show that exposures could also exceed the diazinon chronic reference dose [115]. Support for the thesis that household dust may not only be a direct exposure path but may serve as an indicator for all indoor exposure paths can be concluded from correlations between pesticides in dust and in samples of human origin. Regarding PCP, a semivolatile pesticide, concentrations in urine of women and children corresponded well with indoor dust samples from vacuum cleaner bags [13,136]. 

Class I—Regulatory Controls These devices are subject to the least regulatory control as they usually have a simple design and present minimal potential for harm. Examples include examination gloves, elastic bandages, and urine collecting bags. Most Class-I devices are exempt from 510(k) or GMP controls. 

Variety of reusable and disposable pads and pant systems some products contain a polymer that absorbs urine and wicks it away from the body Condom catheter with leg bag... 

Biological samples including blood and urine may present health risks to the personnel collecting and analyzing the samples. When diverse blood samples are transported, received, or analyzed, every effort should be made to reduce the biohazards for laboratory staff (Truchaud et al. 1994 WHO 2003). Suitable containers or bags should be used to transport samples from the animal care buildings to the laboratory. Allergies to laboratory animals and their samples remain a risk for laboratory workers, and efforts should be made to minimize exposure to animal dander, etc. (Venables et al. 1988 Hunskaar and Fosse 1990 Cullinan et al. 1994 Wood and Smith 1999). 

Support for the thesis that household dust leads to contamination comes from correlations between biocides in dust and in samples of human origin. This correlation was reported for PCP in the urine of women and children and dust from vacuum cleaner bags (Krause and Englert, 1980), and in PDSP and urine respectively (MeiBner and Schweinsberg, 1996). On the other hand, no correlation was observed between PCP in household dust and blood by Liebl et al. (1996). 

We return, consequently, to the problem of the excretion kinetics of pesticides, the complexity of which may render useless any search for a simple linear correlation between dose and urinary metabolites. Some experimenters have attempted to Investigate this area. Drevenkar et al. (20) studied the excretion of phosalone metabolites In one volunteer. Excretion reached a peak In 4-5 hr., but was not complete In 24 hr. Funckes et al. (42) exposed the hand and forearm of human volunteers to 2% parathlon dust. During exposure, the volunteers breathed pure air and placed their forearm and hand Into a plastic bag which contained the parathlon. This exposure lasted 2 hr. and was conducted at various temperatures. There was an Increased excretion of paranltrophenol with Increasing exposure temperature. More importantly, paranltrophenol could still be detected In the urine 40 hr. post exposure. In another human experiment, Kolmodln-Hedman et al. (43) applied methychlorophenoxy acetic acid (MCPA) to the thigh. Plasma MCPA reached a maximum in 12 hr. and MCPA appeared In the urine for 5 days with a maximum after about 48 hr. Given orally, urinary MCPA peaked in 1 hr. with about 40% of the dose excreted In 24 hr. In a rat experiment, seven different organophosphates at two different doses were fed to two rats per compound (21). The rats were removed from exposure after the third day and blood and urine collected for the next 10 days. 

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