Urinary Cancer

Mortality from pancreatic, kidney, or urinary cancer was not statistically significantly increased in other studies of capacitor manufacturing workers summarized in Sections 3.2.8.2.1 and 3.2.8.2.4 (Brown 1987b Kimbrough et al. 1999a Sinks et al. 1992), or in the Loomis et al. (1997) mortality study of electric utility workers summarized in Section 3.2.8.2.4. 

In northeastern Taiwan, where exposure to arsenic in the water is relatively low, there was nevertheless an increased risk of urinary tract cancers in 8086 individuals who were followed for 12 years there were 45 cases of urinary cancer and a monotonically increased risk of urinary cancer with increasing arsenic concentration [33 ]. In those who were exposed to a concentration over 100 micrograms/l the relative risk was more than fivefold... 

Health and Safety Factors. Terephthahc acid has a low order of toxicity. Inhalation by rats for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk for 4 wk produced no fatahties at a dust exposure level of 25 mg/m. The mean acute oral toxicity for rats is over 18 g/kg (86), and for mice over 6 g/kg (87). When terephthahc acid was fed as 3% of the diet to rats, urinary calcuh formed in 90 d, some of which led to cancer. High doses of terephthahc acid lead to formation of calcium terephthalate at levels exceeding its solubihty in urine. This insoluble material leads to the calcuh and provides a threshold below which cancer is not observed (88). Normal precautions used in handling industrial chemicals should be observed with terephthahc acid. If ventilation is inadequate, a toxic-dust respirator should be used to avoid prolonged exposure. 

Health and Safety Factors. Isophthahc acid has a low order of toxicity. Inhalation by rats for 4 h at 11.4 g/m showed no toxicity. The LD -level for rats is high at 10.4 g/kg (96). As with terephthahc acid, isophthahc acid was found to form urinary tract calcuh in rats in 90 d when it constituted 3% of their diet. This led to some cancer owing to the presence of the calcuh. Some mild eye irritation is possible, so eye protection should be worn. Otherwise, normal precautions used in handling industrial chemicals should be observed with isophthahc acid. 

W. C. Hueper, Occupational and Environmental Cancers of the Urinary System, Yale University Press, New Haven, Coim., 1969, p. 216. 

Carcinogens Cancer-producing agents Skin Respiratory Bladder/urinary tract Liver Nasal Bone marrow Coal tar pitch dust crude anthracene dust mineral oil mist arsenic. Asbestos polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons nickel ore arsenic bis-(chloromethyl) ether mustard gas. p-naphthylamine benzidine 4-am i nodi pheny lam ine. Vinyl chloride monomer. Mustard gas nickel ore. Benzene. 

TABLE 5.8(b) Case-control Studies of Urinary Bladder Cancer annong Workers in the Printing Industry ... 

This type of pain management is used for postoperative pain, labor pain, and cancer pain. The most serious adverse reaction associated with the administration of narcotics by the epidural route is respiratory depression. The patient may also experience sedation, confusion, nausea, pruritus, or urinary retention. Fentanyl is increasingly used as an alternative to morphine sulfate because patients experience fewer adverse reactions. 

An update of a previous study (Axelson et al. 1978), Axelson (1986) evaluated an expanded cohort of 1,424 men (levels of trichloroethylene exposure inferred from measured urinary metabolite concentrations) and found a significant increase in incidences of bladder cancer and lymphomas, and a lower than expected incidence of total cancer mortality. A further update of this work (Axelson et al. 1994) expanded the cohort to include 249 women, tracking cancer morbidity over 30 years, and found no correlation between exposure concentration or exposure time and cancer incidence at any site. The highest standardized incidence ratio noted in this study was 1.56 (95% Cl of 0.51-3.64) for 5 cases of non-Hodgkin s lymphoma observed in men. Although four of these cases occurred in persons exposed for at least 2 years, and 3 cases had a latency of 10 years or more, urinary levels of TCA showed that 4 of the 5 cases were exposed to the lowest levels of trichloroethylene (urinary levels of TCA 0-49 mg/L). The study authors mentioned that a urinary TCA level below 50 mg/L corresponds to a trichloroethylene exposure concentration of about 20 ppm. The study authors concluded that "this study provides no evidence that trichloroethylene is a human carcinogen, i.e., when the exposure is as low as for this study population."... 

Strong promoting activity of phenylethyl isothiocyanate and benzyl isothiocyanate on urinary bladder carcinogenesis in F344 male rats , Int J Cancer, 77 773-7. 

OGAWA K, HIROSE M, SUGIURA S, CUI L, IMAIDA K, OGISO T and SHIRAI T (2001) Dose-dependent promotion by phenylethyl isothiocyanate, a known chemopreventer, of two-stage rat urinary bladder and liver carcinogenesis , Nutr Cancer, 40 134-9. 

SEOW A, SHI C Y, CHUNG F L, JIAO D, HANKIN J H, LEE H P, COETZEE G A and YU M C (1998) Urinary total isothiocyanate (ITC) in a population-based sample of middle-aged and older Chinese in Singapore relationship with dietary total ITC and glutathione S-transferase Ml/Tl/Pl genotypes . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 7 775-81. 

LEE M J, WANG Z Y, LI H, CHEN L, SUN Y, GOGGO S, BALENTINE D A and YANG C S (1995) Analysis of plasma and urinary tea polyphenols in human subjects , Cancer Epidem Biomed Prev, 4, 393-9. 

Virtamo, J. et al.. Effects of supplemental alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on urinary tract cancer incidence and mortality in a controlled trial (Einland), Cancer Causes Control, 11, 933, 2000. 

Excludes basal and squamous cell skin cancers in situ carcinoma except urinary bladder. 

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common problems of elderly men, affecting more than 40% of men over age 70. BPH results in the urinary symptoms of hesitancy and frequency. Since prostate cancer affects a similar age group and often has similar presenting symptoms, the presence of BPH often complicates the diagnosis of prostate cancer, although it does not appear to increase the risk of developing prostate cancer.2,5... 

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