Wastewater urban

MEDAWARE (2005) Technical guidelines on wastewater utilisation (task 5). Development of tools and guidelines for the promotion of the sustainable urban wastewater treatment and reuse in the agricultural production in the mediterranean countries. MEDAWARE ME8/ AIDCO/2001/0515/59341-P033... 

Alonso E, Santos A, Solis GJ, Riesco P (2001) On the feasibility or urban wastewater tertiary treatment by membranes a comparative assessment. Desalination 141 39-51... 

Devesa E, Comas J, Turon C, Ereixo A, Carrasco F, Poch M (2009) Scenario analysis for the role of sanitation infrastructures in integrated urban wastewater management. Environ Modell Softw 24(3) 371-380... 

Nutrient Inputs from Urban Wastewaters and Global... 

Castiglioni S, Zuccato E, Crisci E, Chiabrando C, Fanelly R, Bagnati R (2006) Identification and measurement of illicit drugs and their metabolites in urban wastewater by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 78 8421-8429... 

Bijlsma L, Sancho JV, Pitarch E, Ibanez M, Hernandez F (2009) Simultaneous ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of amphetamine and amphetamine-like stimulants, cocaine and its metabolites, and a cannabis metabolite in surface water and urban wastewater. J Chromatogr A 1216(15) 3078-3089... 

Loganathan B, Phillips M, Mowery H, Jones-Lepp TL (2009) Contamination profiles and mass loadings of macrolide antibiotics and illicit drugs from a small urban wastewater treatment plant. Chemosphere 75(l) 70-77... 

Joel A. Tarr, James McCurley, and Terry F. Yosie. The Development and Impact of Urban Wastewater Technology Changing Concepts of Water Quality Control, 1850-1930. In Triumph and Failure The American Response to the Urban Water Supply Problem, 1860-1923. Austin University ofTexas Press, 1980. 

Zhang, X., Liu, P., Yang, Y., and Chen, W., Phytoremediation of urban wastewater by model wetlands with ornamental hydrophytes, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 19, 902-909, 2007. 

Fernandez-Luqueno F, Reyes-Varela V, Cervantes-Santiago F, Gomez-Juarez C, San-tillan-Arias A, Dendooven L.Emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous from soil receiving urban wastewater for maize Zea mays L.) cultivation. Plant Soil. 2010 331 203-215. DOI 10.1007/slll04-009-0246-0... 

Fig. 3 Concentrations of main families of pharmaceuticals found in treated effluents from urban wastewater treatment plants [136]...

Bayona, J.M., Fernandez, P., Porte, C., Tolosa, I., Vails, M., Albaiges, J. (1991) Partitioning of urban wastewater organic microcon-taminants among coastal compartments. Chemosphere 23(3), 313-326. 

In the long term, mean annual water temperature at Escatron, in the medium Ebro River course, shows an increasing trend, as demonstrated by Alberto and Amie [22] for the period 1955-1978 and Prats et al. [32] for the period 1955-2000. During the period 1955-2000, mean annual water temperature increased by 2.3°C. This increase seems to be related to an increase in air temperature and a decrease in discharge. Also, Alberto and Amie [22] suggested it was due to the cumulative effects of reservoirs, urban wastewater, power plants and irrigation. 

Chemical pollution From a qualitative point of view, an important common issue is the excess of chemicals (fertilisers and pesticides) associated with agrarian and livestock farming diffuse sources and the point-source discharge of (treated and untreated) sewage water. Industrial point-source pollution is not addressed as a relevant issue, but it is assumed that industries operate following the legal rules and only the incomplete elimination of industrial chemicals in urban wastewater treatment plants is perceived as a problem. 

The metabolism of microorganisms is complex. However, the metabolic pathways followed by anabolic and catabolic processes need to be described in simple terms to be applied for design and operation of urban wastewater systems. 

Anaerobic processes — related to both the sulfur and the carbon cycles — are, therefore, important in sewers. The interaction between these processes and the aerobic transformations of the wastewater may be even more interesting for the functioning of the urban wastewater systems. 

It is not possible and not a purpose of this text to deal with a great number of specific details of the chemical and microbial processes that are relevant for the different types of collection systems that exist. The number of types and corresponding variability are legion, determined by tradition and site-specific demands. The entire text is, therefore, developed to focus on the general understanding of in-sewer chemical and microbial processes, the conditions for them to proceed and the process engineering of the urban wastewater system. The process interactions between the sewer network and the other parts of the urban wastewater system, in particular, the treatment plant, are important in this respect. 

In-Sewer Processes and Sustainable Urban Wastewater Management... 

It must be realized that urban wastewater management is difficult to cope with in a sustainable way, because the entire idea is to use resources and pollute them In spite of this, the sustainable development of the urban infrastructure must be seriously considered, particularly because the centralized idea behind the urban water cycle, without doubt, will exist for an unknown future. 

Planners, designers and operators have a tremendous task to find both nonstructural and technical sustainable solutions to the future development of sewer networks. It is the author s opinion that an extended integrated performance of the urban wastewater infrastructure — internally as well as with the surroundings — is fundamental for improved sustainability. The concept of the... 

Briefly expressed, the sustainable approach of the sewer process concept can be interpreted by changing wastewater management from an end-of-pipe treatment to a pipe and plant treatment. This is not the only way of approaching a sustainable solution for an urban wastewater system, however, it is a contribution. But, it is certainly true that the sewer process concept tends to put much more focus on the dry-weather performance of the sewer than is typically done. 

My intent is for the book to contribute to an understanding of the sewer as a chemical and microbiological reactor for the transformation of wastewater, and that the processes within it influence not just the sewer system but the entire urban wastewater system. Chemical and biological processes in wastewater start at the sink and not at the inlet to treatment plants — or in the receiving waters during combined sewer overflows. 

Endocrine disruptors are nowadays considered among the most important emerging pollutants in wastewater, but they are not actually monitored on-line. A recent study [48] described the implementation of a broad-spectrum analytical scheme for the screening of more than 200 compounds (endocrine disruptors, pharmaceutical compounds,...) in urban wastewater. For other specific organic compounds, a study concerning the improvement of immunoassays with a solid-phase extraction (SPE) membrane was reported for the on-site detection in soils and water of energetic materials (i.e. explosives) [49], but unfortunately it was not really tested for wastewater. 

However, as far as we know, the distribution of LAS biodegradation intermediates according to depth in the sediment column has been determined only in marine sediments [58]. This study was performed in a saltmarsh channel (Sancti Petri Channel, Cadiz Bay, Spain), receiving untreated urban wastewater effluents. In this zone the benthic organisms are very scarce [59], and the capacity for irrigation of... 

Although the marine environment can generally be considered the final destination of industrial and urban wastewater effluents, studies of biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) in this compartment have been scarce until recently [1—8]. The removal of LAS from the marine medium seems to be an efficient process, as shown by the low levels of LAS detected in samples of both water and sediment [9—11]. High values have only been found in zones close to the direct wastewater effluent discharge points of urban areas [11]. 

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