Upper respiratory tract disorders

Upper respiratory tract disorders are diagnosed as upper respiratory infections (URIs) and include acute rhinitis, sinusitis, acute tonsillitis, and acute laryngitis. Do not confuse acute rhinitis with allergic rhinitis. 

A list of drugs utilized in the treatment of upper respiratory tract disorders is provided in the Appendix. Detailed tables show doses, recommendations, expectations, side effects, contraindications, and more available on the book s Web site (see URL in Appendix). 

Preanesthetic drugs may be omitted in those 60 years or older because many of the medical disorders for which these drugsare contraindicated are seen in older individuals For example, atropine and glycopyrrolate, drugs that can be used to decrease secretions of the upper respiratory tract, are contraindicated in certain medical disorders such as prostatic hypertrophy, glaucoma, and myocardial ischemia. Other preanesthetic drugs that depress the central nervous astern (CN, such as narcotics barbiturates and antianxiety drugs with or without antiemetic properties may be contraindicated in the older individual. 

Compared to controls, 41 MEK workers with an average of 14 years exposure exhibited significantly lower motor nerve conduction velocities in the median, ulnar, and peroneal nerves irritation of the eyes and upper respiratory tract and a neurotoxic syndrome characterized by mood disorders, irritability, memory difficulties, sleep disturbances, headache, and numbness were also more prevalent in the exposed workers/... 

Adverse reactions that occurred in at least 3% of patients included the following Aggravated diabetes mellitus, edema, headache, hypoglycemia, myalgia, pharyngitis, sinusitis, tooth disorder, upper respiratory tract infection. 

Several studies have been reported on the effects of occupational exposure to butadiene, mainly from the USSR and Bulgaria. Few are substantiated by details on the atmospheric concentration or duration of exposure, and control data are generally not provided. The effects reported include haematological disorders (Batkina, 1966 Volkova Bagdinov, 1969), kidney malfunction, laryngotracheitis, irritation of the upper respiratory tract. 

Irritant to skin, eyes, upper respiratory tract, and mucous membranes. Prolonged exposure may produce gastro intestinal upsets and blood disorders.2... 

Koenig JQ. Indoor and outdoor pollutants and the upper respiratory tract. In International Symposium Allergy and Associated Disorders in Otolaryngology, Seattle, WA, June 18-19, 1987. J Allergy Clin Immunol 81(5 Part 2) 1055-1059. 

IgA deficiency is a rare peniciUamine-induced immune disorder, which can be accompanied by recurrent upper respiratory tract infections (67,68,368). IgA deficiency is more hkely to develop when there is improved rheumatic disease activity, together with other adverse effects (for example rash, thrombocjdopenia, proteinuria). 

The limited information regarding effects of chlorobenzenes on human health is restricted to case reports and to mono- and di-chloro congeners. Clinical signs and symptoms of excessive exposure include central nervous system effects, irritation of the eyes and upper respiratory tract, hardening of the skin, and hematological disorders. No report is available specifically regarding pentachlorobenzene in humans. 

Eventually, sufficient fluid collects to seriously inhibit gas exchange. Consequently, anoxemia occurs and blue cyanosis is evident. The patient s breathing becomes increasingly dyspnoeic.t and the now frothy, protein-rich oedema fluid emerges in the upper respiratory tract. The viscosity of the blood increases because of lost plasma, and it becomes brown due to the formation of methaemoglobin. These circulatory disorders may further compromise oxygen uptake, and the blue cyanosis may become grey. 

The adverse events profile for escitalopram is similar to that observed with Ri-citalopram in both major depression and anxiety disorders. Discontinuation rates due to adverse events were similar in patients receiving escitalopram or placebo in several trials. Nausea and ejaculatory problems were reported in both fully published trials in patients with major depression. In addition, diarrhea, insomnia, dry mouth, headache, and upper respiratory tract infections were experienced by patients receiving escitalopram, although the incidence of these events was not significantly higher than in patients receiving placebo. The recommended dose of escitalopram for the treatment of major depression is 10 mg/day, which, depending on the individual patient response, may be titrated up to 20 mg/day. 

HUMAN HEALTH RISKS EPA Cancer Risk Level 1.0x10" mg/m EPA Group A known human carcinogen Acute Risks irritation of skin, eyes and upper respiratory tract drowsiness dizziness headaches death in high exposures Chronic Risks blood disorders bone marrow disease aplastic anemia excessive bleeding damage to immune system chromosomal aberrations menstrual disorders leukemia. 

HUMAN HEALTH RISKS Acute Risks irritation of skin, eyes, upper respiratory tract destructive to mucous membranes headache coughing wheezing chest pains chemical pneumonitis pulmonary edema convulsions nausea Chronic Risks blood disorders liver disorders kidney damage CNS damage heart damage damage to skeletal muscles chromosomal mutation data reported. 

HUMAN HEALTH RISKS Acute Risks irritation of eyes, mucous membrane and upper respiratory tract inhibitor of CNS and circulatory systems headaches cyanosis dizziness paralysis convulsions Chronic Risks blood disorders changes in CNS, blood and liver enlargement of spleen hemosiderosis of liver, kidneys and testes suspected carcinogen. 

HUMAN HEALTH RISKS Skin human Ig for 10 minutes Acute Risks irritation of skin destructive to mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract nausea weakness narcosis vertigo convulsions blistering attaxia slurred speech drowsiness Chronic Risks carcinogen reproductive disorders effects eyes, skin, respiratory system and CNS. 

HUMAN HEALTH RISKS EPA Group B2 probable human carcinogen Acute Risks allergic skin reaction tissue destruction in mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract, eyes and skin Chronic Risks alters genetic material bone marrow disorders damage to peripheral and central nervous systems. 

HUMAN HEALTH RISKS Inhalation human TCLo 96 ppm for 7 hours EPA Group B2/C probable human carcinogen Acute Risks irritation of eyes, upper respiratory tract and skin flushing of face and neck dizziness headache CNS effects anesthetic effects coordination impairment kidney dysfunction death Chronic Effects memory and concentration impairment cardiac arrhythmia menstrual disorders spontaneous abortions kidney effects tumors. 

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