Kidney malfunction

Ingestion of large amounts of trichloroethylene may cause Hver damage, kidney malfunction, cardiac arrhythmia, and coma (38) vomiting should not be induced, but medical attention should be obtained immediately. 

Kidney malfunctions with retention of sodium and water... 

In 1929, Burr Burr reported that when rats were fed a fat-free diet they ceased to grow and developed scahness of the tail, dry skin, kidney malfunction and reproductive... 

While still preliminary, this study demonstrates the feasibility of evaluating the renal status in real-time by optical modality. This continuous renal function monitoring by the optical modality represents a new and minimally invasive method to detect kidney malfunctions. In addition to using relatively harmless radiation, the simplicity and portability of the equipment make this approach compatible for use in ambulatory and critical care. However, further studies... 

Several studies have been reported on the effects of occupational exposure to butadiene, mainly from the USSR and Bulgaria. Few are substantiated by details on the atmospheric concentration or duration of exposure, and control data are generally not provided. The effects reported include haematological disorders (Batkina, 1966 Volkova Bagdinov, 1969), kidney malfunction, laryngotracheitis, irritation of the upper respiratory tract. 

Degradation Creatine and creatine phosphate spontaneously cyclize at a slow, but constant, rate to form creatinine, which is excreted in the urine. The amount of creatinine excreted is proportional to the total creatine phosphate content of the body, and thus can be used to estimate muscle mass. When muscle mass decreases for any reason (for example, from paralysis or muscular dystrophy), the creatinine content of the urine falls. In addition, any rise in blood creatinine is a sensitive indicator of kidney malfunction, because creatinine is normally rapidly removed from the blood and excreted. A typical adult male excretes about 15 mmol of creatinine per day. The constancy of this excretion is sometimes used to test the reliability of collected 24-hour urine samples—too little creatinine in the submitted sample may indicate an incomplete sample. 

The most spectacular and publicized occurrence of cadmium poisoning resulted from dietary intake of cadmium by people in the Jintsu River Valley, near Fuchu, Japan. The victims were afflicted by itai, itai disease, which means ouch, ouch in Japanese. The symptoms are the result of painful osteomalacia (bone disease) combined with kidney malfunction. Cadmium poisoning in the Jintsu River Valley was attributed to irrigated rice contaminated from an upstream mine producing lead, zinc, and cadmium. 

Oral doses of naphthols can be fatal. Acute poisoning by these compounds can cause severe gastrointestinal disturbances, kidney malfunction, circulatory system failure, and convulsions. Naphthols can be absorbed through the skin, one effect of which can be eye damage involving the cornea and lens. 

Psychiatry has gone from denying that lithium causes kidney damage to trying to ignore it. The threat is very real. Lepkifker et al. (2004) reviewed the files of 140 patients exposed to lithium for at least 4 years and found that 20% developed creeping creatinine (a laboratory test for kidney malfunction) and renal insufficiency. Overall, lithium is very toxic to cells (Yao et al., 1999). 

Genomic biomarkers have been reported for a variety of tissues such as kidney.11 Among those identified markers, many can be deemed as mechanistic biomarkers as they are not merely correlated to, but biologically linked to, the underlying toxicity. For example, Kim-1, one of the nephrotoxicity biomarkers submitted to FDA by PSTC is an endogenous ciliary flow-sensing protein that responds to kidney malfunction.12... 

Once bound to calcium, oxalate salts become insoluble and may precipitate in the renal system resulting in kidney malfunction and electrolyte imbalance. Renal damage may be due to vascular stasis. 

Much more research is needed to understand the mechanisms which lead to the spontaneous metal deposition in the tissues of patients with Wilson s Disease and primary haemochromatosis. The development of more and more sensitive tests that permit the detection of early signs of disease, well before it has progressed to the stage of causing obvious symptoms, the so-called occult disease, may well help to identify more diseases in which metals, or a spectrum of metals, play an important role in their development. Already studies in persons exposed to only natural levels of cadmium have identified groups of individuals who excrete more than 2 pg of cadmium per day in their urine, as compared with generally < 0.5 pg per day, and who also show very early biochemical signs of kidney malfunction. 

There have been reports in the literature of hypouricemia coincident with specific inborn metabolic errors, but many of these cases are attributable to defects in the kidney leading to failure of renal tubular reabsorption. It was mentioned above that the excretion of uric acid by the Dalmatian coach hound can be attributed to such a mechanism (Fll). Similarly, the hypouricemia found in the Fanconi syndrome (L4) and Wilson s disease (B12) can be attributed to kidney malfunction. These are not true examples of underproduction of oxypurines, including uric acid, since the daily output of uric acid is normal. The large number of healthy people who have extremely low serum urate values, however, may indicate that there are individuals who underproduce oxypurines but suffer no ill effects because of this. The one well-documented inborn error that results in underproduction of uric acid is xanthinuria. It has been reported in relatively few cases, probably because individuals with this metabolic abnormality who suffer no ill effects would not come to the attention of a physician. 

Following synthesis, urea is transported in the bloodstream to the kidneys, which filter it for excretion. Measurements of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels provide a sensitive clinical test of kidney function, because filtration and removal of urea are impaired in cases of kidney malfunction. Analogously, blood ammonia measurements are a sensitive test of liver function. 

The kidneys regulate the amount of phosphate in the blood. Abnormally high levels of semm phosphate are usually caused by kidney malfunction. 

Adverse effects due to long-term use include electrolyte depletion, potassium depletion, damage to the colon, kidney malfunction, and heart palpitations (Wichtl 2004). In some epidemiological studies, long-term use of stimulant laxatives has been associated with colorectal cancer (Siegers 1992 Siegers et al. 1993), while other epidemiological studies have shown no correlation with cancer (Wald 2003). 

Short-term side effects of stimulant laxative consumption may include intestinal cramps, uterine contractions, and watery diarrhea. Continuous use for more than 10 days can cause dependency, resulting in colonic atonicity requiring the aid of stimulant laxatives to have bowel movements. When used in excess or for long periods, the resultant loss of fluids and electrolytes, especially potassium, can cause pathological alterations to the colon, kidney malfunction, or heart palpitations. Patients taking cardiac glycosides are particularly susceptible to cardiotoxicity (De Smet 1993). 

Streptomycin can cause many side effects for the patient. These side effects include fever, rashes, ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and kidney malfunction (Syal et al., 2013). 

Soluble lead compoimds exert their toxicity by inhibiting the enzyme necessary for hemoglobin synthesis in blood. This causes 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the precursor of hemoglobin, to accumulate. ALA is responsible for the symptoms of lead poisoning headache, stomach ache, diarrhea, paleness, dysfunctional intestines, kidney malfunction, infertility, miscarriage, and anemia. Lead can inhibit a number of further enzymes because its reacts with thiol groups. It is therefore, a general cell poison. 

Lead poisoning can cause high blood pressure, especially in men. Other symptoms of lead poisoning in adults are kidney malfunction, infertility, loss of hand coordination and strength, peripheral nerve damage, and hearing problems.Lead can also interfere with the formation of red blood cells, causing anemia. The more research that is done, the more we discover that ever lower levels of lead cause medical problems. 

Choi HY, Park HC, Ha SK (2015) Salt sensitivity and hypertension a paradigm shift fiom kidney malfunction to vascular endothelial dysfunction. Electrolyte Blood Press 13 7-16... 

Dialyzing membranes are semipermeable but with pores large enough to allow solvent molecules, hydrated ions, and small molecules to pass through in a process called dialysis. The process is important in the removal of impurities from the blood and is applied artificially for people suffering from kidney malfunction. 

Potassium is widely recognized as an essential element. In fact, our daily requirement for potassium is more than twice that for sodium. Because most foods contain potassium, serious deficiency of this element in humans is rare. However, potassium deficiency can be caused by kidney malfunction or by the use of certain diuretics. Potassium deficiency leads to muscle weakness, irregular heartbeat, and depression. 

Basil is another Lamiaceae herb primarily used for culinary purposes and it is grown in subtropical regions all over the world with nearly 150 different species. However, different cultures have traditionally used basil as a means to treat warts, constipation, kidney malfunctions, bronchitis, and sore throats (Javanmardi et al 2003 Vieira and Simon 2000). Evaluations of secondary metabolites in basil have revealed an array of phytochemicals that include monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and aromatic compounds (Juliani and Simon 2002). Ethanolic extracts and preparation of essential oils from a variety of basil species were shown to have high antioxidant properties in vitro (Juliani and Simon... 

Prominent among the more chronic responses to toxicant exposure are mutations, cancer, and birth defects and effects on the immune system. Other observable effects, some of which may occur soon after exposure, include gastrointestinal illness, cardiovascular disease, hepatic (liver) disease, renal (kidney) malfunction, neurologic s5mptoms (central and peripheral nervous systems), and skin abnormalities (rash, dermatitis). 

However, potassium deficiency can be caused by kidney malfunction or by the use of certain diuretics. Potassium deficiency leads to muscle weakness, irregular heartbeat, and depression. 

The simplest natural amide is urea, an end product of protein metabolism in the body. The kidneys remove urea from the blood and provide for its excretion in urine. If the kidneys malfunction, urea is not removed and builds to a toxic level, a condition called uremia. Urea is also used as a component of fertilizer, to increase nitrogen in the soil. 

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