Unsaturated fatty protein effects

Riserus, U., Basu, S., Jovinge, S., Fredrikson, G.N., Aralov, J., and Vessby, B. 2002. Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-dependent oxidative stress and elevated C-reactive protein A potential link to fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Circulation 106, 1925-1929. Rossetti, R.G., Seiler, C.M., DeLuca, P., Laposata, M., and Zurier, R.B. 1997. Oral administration of unsaturated fatty acids Effects on human peripheral blood T lymphocyte proliferation. J. Leukoc. Biol 62, 438-443. 

Blood pressure effect. Fruit juice, administered intravenously hy infusion to dogs at a dose of 3 mL/minute for 100 minutes, was active. Initial effect was a decrease in hlood pressure . Oil, administered to male weanling rats at a dose of 10% of diet for 5 weeks, produced significantly higher hlood pressure than other groups. Systolic hlood pressure was found related to the dietary intakes of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Prenatal exposure of the rats to a maternal low-protein diet abolished the hypertensive effect of the coconut oil dieH . Butyryl cholinesterase activity. Oil was administered to rats at different doses with or without clofibrate for 15 days. The hypolipidemic action of clofibrate was not... 

Studies are currently underway in Moscow on the suitability of using sodium caseinate nanoparticles as carriers for phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) containing > 80% unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, linolenic). In particular, it has been established that phosphatidylcholine oxidation can be reduced, or effectively eliminated altogether, in dispersed systems containing complexes with the protein (see Figure 2.4). 

There may be several mechanisms for these metabolic effects. Unsaturated fatty acids have been shown to directly activate specific enzymes and to induce DNA synthesis and cytokine release from lymphocytes (Karsten et al., 1994). The induction of specific protein synthesis may produce the reduction in glutamine metabolism. The increase in the robustness of the fatty acid-grown hybridomas in agitated cultures could be explained by a high incorporation of the available fatty acids into the cellular phospholipids fraction, which is a major structural component of the outer membrane of the cell (Butler et al., 1999). 

The effect of the unsaturated fatty acids on protein secretion of cultured cells can be dissociated from growth effects. Recombinant protein produc-... 

FABPs have been implicated in transmembrane and intracellular transport of fatty acids (Veerkamp et al., 1991 Storch and Thumser, 2000). These are a group of tissue-specific proteins of about 14-15 kDa that bind long-chain fatty acids (C16-C20) with high affinity and a molar stoichiometry of 1 1. Most bind unsaturated fatty acids with higher affinity than saturated fatty acids. In addition to transport functions it has been proposed that they modulate specific enzymes of lipid metabolism, regulate expression of fatty acid-responsive genes, maintain cellular membrane fatty acid levels, and reduce the concentration of fatty acids in the cell, thereby removing their inhibitory effect on metabolic processes. 

All the oxidants mentioned above possess a damaging effect on the cells. During oxidation of membrane lipids (especially those containing unsaturated fatty acid tails) chain reactions easily appeared, which result in irreversible violation of membrane integrity being inconsistent with viability of the cell. Protein and nucleic acids can be oxidized even earlier... 

Omega-3 PUFAs are essential unsaturated fatty acids obtained from food sources or from supplements. Amongst nutritionally important polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids, a-linolcnic acid (ALA), eicosapentae-noic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are highly concentrated in the brain and have antioxidative stress, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects. The exposure to n-3 fatty acids enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis associated with cognitive and behavioral processes, promotes synaptic plasticity by increasing longterm potentiation, and modulates synaptic protein expression to stimulate the dendritic arborization and new spine formation [496]. 

It is largely accepted that a high dietary intake of poly-unsaturated fatty adds (PUFA) in the a>-3 series has beneficial effects. Recently, cellular lipid metabolism has been suggested as a target for cancer therapy. Cancer cells, compared with normal cells, seem to be vulnerable to exposure of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially those in the o -3 series. Characteristic for these compounds are their poor abihty to be oxidized in the cell due to multiple double bonds. They are however likely to be ester-rfied to oflier Upids, and their incorporation into membrane phosphohpids will influence membrane properties such as fluidity, protein interactions and susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. The hypohpidemic properties of some (0-3 fatty acids, such as EPA, are probably e lained by an induction of mitochondrial P -oxidation that is not found after adrninistration of the non-hypolipidemic (o-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)." However, both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA cause increased peroxisomal... 

When measuring the mitochondrial P-oxidation in liver, 2-methyl EPA did not cause any effect compared to EPA or control, while the other EPA-derivatives increased the fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria. We measured the mitochondrial activity and gene expression of an enzyme involved in the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, the 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase. Both the activity and gene expression seemed to increase in rats fed 2,2-dimethyl EPA. We also measured the total activity of CPT in liver, and found an increased activity in rats fed 2,2-dimethyl EPA. The increase in total CPT-activity after administration of 2,2-dimethyl EPA seemed to be due to the observed increase in CPT-II transcription, as the mRNA level of CPT-I was unchanged (data to be published). The peroxisomal P-oxidation, the activity and gene e q)ression of fatty acyl-CoA oxidase, the rate-limiting enzyme of peroxisomal P-oxidation, and the gene expression of the peroxisomal multifunctional protein were increased after administration of the EPA-derivatives, as shown in Table 2. 

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