United States toxic release inventory

Chlor—alkah production is the largest iadustrial source of mercury release ia the United States (see Alkali and chlorine products). For the 1991 reporting year, chlor—alkah faciUties accounted for almost 20% of the faciUties that reported releases of mercury to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for inclusion onto the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) (25). 

Both butanals are on the United States Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory, a prerequisite for the manufacture or importation for commercial sale of any chemical substance or mixture in quantities greater than one thousand pounds (455 kg). Additionally, the manufacture and distribution of the butanals in the United States are regulated under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA), Section 313, which requires that anyone handling at least ten thousand pounds (4550 kg) a year of a chemical substance report to both the EPA and the state any release of that substance to the environment. 

According to recent Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) data, methyl parathion was discharged to air from two processing sites in the United States in 1999 (TRI99 2001). No releases to soil or water were reported. The TRI data should be used with caution because only certain facilities are require to report. This is not an exhaustive list. 

PEL Pg pmol PHS PMR ppb ppm ppt REL RfD RTECS sec SCE SIC SIR SMR STEL STORET TLV TSCA TRI TRS TWA u.s. UF yr WHO wk permissible exposure limit picogram picomole Public Health Service proportionate mortality ratio parts per billion parts per million parts per trillion recommended exposure limit Reference Dose Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances second sister chromatid exchange Standard Industrial Classification Standardized incidence ratio standard mortality ratio short term exposure limit STORAGE and RETRIEVAL threshold limit value Toxic Substances Control Act Toxics Release Inventory total reduced sulfur time-weighted average United States uncertainty factor year World Health Organization week... 

Table 4-1 lists the number of facilities in each state that have lead on site, the intended use, and the range of maximum amounts of lead that are stored on site. There are currently 1,476 facilities that produce or process lead or that have lead in some form on site in the United States. The data listed in Table 4-1 are derived from the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI96 1998). Only certain types of facilities were required to report. Therefore, this is not an exhaustive list. Table 4-2 shows the U.S. production volumes for lead during the years 1990 through 1997. 

Endrin is no longer manufactured in the United States. Velsicol Chemical Company, Memphis, Tennessee, was the producer of endrin until the final voluntary cancellation of registration with the Office of Pesticide Programs in 1991 (Bishop 1984, 1985, 1986 EPA 1983e USDA 1995). It is estimated that 2.3-4.5 million kg (5.1-9.9 million pounds) of endrin were sold in the United States in 1962, while less than 450,000 kg (990,000 pounds) were produced in 1971 (IARC 1974). More recent estimates of domestic production of endrin could not be found (HSDB 1995). As with many toxic chemicals, information on production or use of pesticides is often proprietary, and quantitative estimates of production of endrin are virtually impossible to obtain (Bason and Colbom 1992). Chemical manufacturers in the United States however, can legally produce pesticides for export that are currently banned or not registered for use in the United States (FASE 1996). No information on the production of endrin was available from the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) because endrin is not one of the chemicals that facilities are required to report (EPA 1995a). 

Table 4-1 summarizes the facilities in the United States that manufacture or process heptachlor. It also lists the maximum amounts of heptachlor that are allowed at these sites and the end uses of the heptachlor. This information is based on the release data reported to the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) in 1988 (TRI88 1990). 

Although most facilities that refine crude petroleum in the United States produce a fuel oil. no. 1 fraction (HSDB 1991), only producers that market fuel oil no. 1 as an end product are listed as commercial manufacturers. These manufacturers include Claiborne Gasoline Company (Claiborne and Union Parish, Louisiana), Continental Oil Company (Acadia Parish, Louisiana), Sun Production Company (Starr County, Texas), Exxon Corporation (Pledger County, Texas), Atlantic Richfield Company (New York, New York), and Shell Oil Company (Houston, Texas) (HSDB 1991). Since fuel oils nos. 1, 1-D, 2, 2-D, and 4, and fuel oil UNSP are not required to be reported under SARA Section 313, there are no data for these fuel oils in the 1990 Toxics Release Inventory (TRI90 1992). 

Hexachlorobutadiene was first prepared in 1877 by the chlorination of hexyl oxide (lARC 1979). Commercial quantities of hexachlorobutadiene have never been produced in the United States. The primary source of hexachlorobutadiene found in the United States is inadvertent production as a waste by-product of the manufacture of certain chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and carbon tetrachloride (ERA 1980 Yang 1988). In 1982, ERA reported an annual volume of about 28 million pounds of hexachlorobutadiene inadvertently produced as a waste by- product from this source (ERA 1982b HSDB 1993). Table 4-1 summarizes information on U.S. companies that reported the production, import, or use of hexachlorobutadiene in 1990 based on the Toxics Release Inventory TRI90 (1992). The TRI data should be used with caution since only certain types of facilities are required to report. This is not an exhaustive list. 

Cresols are used widely by industry. Information from the EPA s Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) on facilities that either manufactured or processed cresols in 1987 is outlined in Table 4-1. The TRI data should be used with caution since the 1987 data represent first-time reporting by these facilities. Only certain types of facilities were required to report. This is not an exhaustive list. According to the United States International Trade Commission (USITC 1987, 1988, 1989) and the 1989 Directory of Chemical Producers (SRI 1989), cresols are currently produced by five manufacturers in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Texas. USITC (1987, 1988, 1989) and Stanford Research Institute (SRI 1989) data for individual isomers and the mixture o-, p-, and m-isomers are included in Tables 4-2a through 4-2d. Data from the TRI do not agree with those from the USITC and SRI. For example, the Sloss Industries Coke Plant, which appears to meet SRI and USITC production criteria, was not listed with USITC (1987, 1988, 1989) or SRI (1989)-... 

Production, import/Export, Use, Reiease, and Disposai. Although the production of carbon tetrachloride has been declining, humans are at risk of exposure to the compound at specific industrial locations where the compound is used or near chemical waste sites where emission to the environment may occur. Available data indicate that most carbon tetrachloride manufactured in this country is consumed in the synthesis of chlorofluorocarbons, but current quantitative data on the amounts of carbon tetrachloride imported and exported into and from the United States are sparse (CEH 1985 HSDB 1992). According the the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to Know Act of 1986, 43 U.S.C. Section 11023, Industries are required to submit substance release and off-site transfer information to the ERA. The Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), which contains this information for 1990, became available in May of 1992. This database is updated yearly and should provide a list of industrial production facilities and emissions. 

According to the Toxics Release Inventory (Enviromnental Protection Agency, 1999d), air emissions of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from 298 industrial facilities in the United States amounted to 107 tonnes in 1997. 

Releases of di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate to land from 148 industrial facilities in the United States in 1994 amounted to 67 000 kg, as reported in the Toxic Release Inventory (Environmental Protection Agency, 1996). 

According to the Environmental Protection Agency (1999d) Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) in 1997, air emissions of ethylbenzene from 1005 industrial facilities were approximately 4 000 000 kg in the United States, which accounted for about 92% of the total environmental releases of ethylbenzene. 

According to the Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory, air emissions of diethanolamine from 358 industrial facilities in 1994 were approximately 149 200 kg in the United States (Environmental Protection Agency, 1996). According to the National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) of Canada, on-site releases of diethanolamine to air from 74 facilities amounted to about 40 000 kg (Environment Canada, 1995). 

Surface water discharges of pyridine from 43 industrial facilities in 1997 in the United States amounted to 247 kg in addition, underground injection of pyridine amounted to 278 290 kg as reported in the Toxics Release Inventory (US Environmental Protection Agency, 1996c). 

United States Environmental Protection Agency (1995, 2004, 2005, 2006) Toxic Release Inventory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, courtesy of Nora Lopez. 

About 2% of environmental releases of dichloromethane are to water. Industrial releases of dichloromethane to surface water and underground injection (potential ground-water release) reported to the United States Toxic Chemical Release Inventory in 1988 totalled 158 tonnes. Dichloromethane has been identified in industrial and municipal waste-waters from several sources at concentrations ranging from 0.08 pg/L to 3.4 g/L (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1993 WHO, 1996). 

Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate can be released to the environment in waste stream emissions from sites of industrial manufacture and use. Toxic Release Inventory reports to the United States Environmental Protection Agency before at least the mid-1990s were subject to serious overestimation of the releases to the environment, because of errors in the way that the figures were calculated by industry. Within the European Union, total emissions from production sites in 1996 were about 43 kg and emissions from processing plants in the same year were about 7100 kg (European Union, 1999). 

According to the SARA Section 313 Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), an estimated total of 16.3 million pounds of barium and barium compounds were released to the environment from manufacturing and processing facilities in the United States in 1987 (TR11989) (see Table 5-1). Most of these barium releases were to land. The quality of the TRI data must be viewed with caution since the 1987 data represent first-time, incomplete reporting of estimated releases by these facilities. Only certain types of facilities were required to report. This is not an exhaustive list. 

Uses Diazinon is a colorless to dark brown liquid. Based on the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) database for 1995, approximately 107,510 pounds of production-related waste was generated by the United States. Further, releases from facilities to the environment totaled 11,498 pounds, most of which was in the form of stack emissions. Diazinon is used for the control of pest insects in soil, on ornamental plants, and on fruit and vegetable field crops. It also is used to control household pests such as flies, fleas, and cockroaches.28 42... 

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