Dust Bowl

The projected vortex (see Figure 7-6 should he a minimum of i 5" (40 cm) above the dust-bowl outlet. 

Primary diplegs internally lined with I inch (2.5 cm) thick, erosion-resistant lining. Secondary diplegs lined internally with I inch refractory on the top 5 feet (1.5 m) from the dust-bowl. Externally, diplegs should be lined where the spent catalyst returns and other known turbulent or wear areas. 

Unknown important responses are destructive in many systems chemical plant explosions caused by impurity built up in reactors Minimata disease, the result of microorganisms metabolizing inorganic mercury and passing it up the food chain the dust bowl of the 1930 s - all are examples of important system responses that were initially unknown and unsuspected [Adams (1991)]. 

During the early dust bowl years (1935) they established the oil industry s first research team in Bartlesville, Oklahoma. George Oberfell, hired by Phillips to fight the lawsuit, planned the initial research efforts that involved three main initiatives first, to develop technology to use light hydrocarbons in new ways as motor fuels second, to develop markets for butane and propane and third, to find new uses for the light hydrocarbons outside the fuel market. All three objectives were achieved. 

Great Plains created what was described as a black blizzard (Hurt, 1977, 1981). The disastrous events of the Dust Bowl led to the US Soil Erosion Service Act of 1935, which declared soil erosion a national menace and directed the US Department of Agriculture to establish the Soil Conservation Service (Wehrwein, 1938). 

Hurt, R.D. (1977). Dust bowl-drought, erosion, and despair on the Southern Great Plains. Am. West, 14 22-27. 

Hurt, R.D. (1981). The Dust Bowl An Agricultural and Social History. Chicago, IL Nelson-Hall. 

Worster, D. (1979). Dust Bowl The Southern Plains in the 1930s. New York, NY Oxford University Press. 

The disastrous events of the Dust Bowl led to the Soil Erosion Service Act of 1935. On April 27 of that year, the United States Congress declared soil erosion a national menace in an act directing the USDA to establish a Soil Conservation Service (Wehrwein, 1938). Also in 1935, the Soil Erosion Service was transferred from the United States Department of the Interior to the USDA with Hugh Hammond Bennett as its head (Morgan, 1965). This was soon followed by the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936. The State Soil Conservation Districts model law of 1937 was designed to customize soil conservation measures to reflect more local needs, placing more public focus on agricultural production methods. 

While not generally supported by researchers and producers at the time, attempts to find alternatives to moldboard plowing did produce some new implements, including the one-way disk plow. However, the one-way disk plow along with high temperatures and low rainfall were the primary causes of the Dust Bowl in the Great Plains. 

The author estimates that in any one day during the great droughts of the late 1930 s in the United States as much as 107 tons of fine particles remained suspended in the air and were moved to areas far removed from the Dust Bowl of their origin. In the Dust Bowl itself, the estimated movement within a few inches of the surface probably ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 ton per yd per hr across the direction of wind motion. Samples of settled dust taken in the Dust Bowl and analyzed as to composition and size frequency indicated a sharp differentiation as to the size of... 

Unpublished data. Atmospheric samples taken during the summer of 1936 after the dust clouds from the Dust Bowl reached Washington, D. C., showed concentrations as high as 250 mg per cu cm at breathing level. Settled dust samples from various localities in Kansas and Nebraska were furnished the author by Dr. James Leake of the U. S. Public Health Service. The samples were air-elutriated and fractions submitted for both petrographic and chemical analysis. 

Eqs (19-24) to (19-26) apply only so long as the wind moves over an area where particle pick-up is possible. Beyond the limit of this area downstream, we may treat the problem as a line source, utilizing Eq (19-5) or (19-6). If, for example, we assume that the mean height of a dust cloud is 500 m and that it issues from the edge of a dust bowl at the rate of 107 grams per km per hr, then with a wind rate of 10 km per hr with k0 = 0.05, we have at a distance of 100 km... 

The public meets President Herbert Hoover s call for 10 million in donations to support Red Cross relief during the drought affecting 23 Midwestern states in the Dust Bowl. ... 

Red Cross begins the distribution of government surplus wheat and cotton products to victims of drought in the Dust Bowl. 

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