Understanding the Challenges

Three necessary conditions must coexist before new, or changed, public policy can be formulated. Policy makers must 

Knowing that there is a problem is the first step. Problans do not exist just because there is evidence problems only exist when there is an alignment between perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes, and the facts. Perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes are subject to polarisation by vested interest groups, determined to influence the outcome of public debate. 

Kotter s first principle for businesses seeking transformational change is to establish a sense of urgency, and that is equally applicable in public policy. Acceptance of the urgency of a problem is at least as important as a consensus that the problem exists. Lindblom and Woodhouse insightfully wrote Policy making resembles a primeval soup—action occurs fitfully as problems wax and wane and pressures come and go. Let us consider some examples. 

Eliminating Serious Injury and Death from Road Transport 

In 1955 the number of road crash deaths in Australia exceeded the aggregate number of deaths from all forms of infectious disease for the first time. This statistical fact was drawn to national government attention through a question asked in federal parliament, with an accompanying plea that Australia s major government-funded research body address the matter urgently. The prime minister of the day dismissed the plea as preposterous, and there the matter ended The statistical fact had no traction it was simply not accepted as important. 

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In order to understand the challenges facing the application of catalysts in the fine chemicals industry, one has to understand not only the essential industrial requirements but also how process development is carried out, and which criteria determine the suitability of a catalyst. 

Norwood. D. L. (2007), Understanding the challenges of extractables and leachables for the pharmaceutical industry—Safety and requlatory enviroment for pharmaceuticals, Am. Pharm. Rev., 10(2), 32. 

This paper first discusses critical infrastructures, its relation with security concepts, and the features that are relevant for understanding the challenges they pose to society. Then, the critical information infrastructure is analyzed, with reflections on the requirements and constraint for its protection, and the... 

In this way, the unwanted back reaction and the separation of the reaction products are avoided. Before presenting planned industrial applications of solarthermal cycles for the C02 splitting, the fundamental aspects are discussed to understand the challenges and advantages of this process. 

Leadership and understanding Maintenance leaders must understand the challenges of maintenance and provide effective maintenance leadership with a vision of continuous maintenance improvement. 

In order to better understand the challenges of biodegradable stent development, it is useful to first think about what a stent must endure during its lifetime. Thus an engineering point of view is outhned in this section to distil some of the key material requirements of biodegradable stents. 

This chapter wdl outline a variety of active agents used in microencapsulation for textile-based systems. The importance of controlled release and microencapsulation will be addressed as well. Methods of embedding microcapsules into textile structures and the parameters of interest will be further elaborated upon. In addition, the chapter will give an overview of the controlled release of different microencapsulated active agents from textiles. These topics are necessary to understand the challenges that researchers face in developing textile structures with embedded microcapsules for controlled release. 

Heimann, C.F.L. 1993. Understanding the Challenger disaster organizational structure and the design of reliable systems. American Political Science Review 87, 421-35. 

To understand the challenges associated with these measurements, one must consider the environment in which DA functions [1]. Neurons are cells in the brain that gather, process, and relay information (Figure 1). A typical neuron consists of a cell body with two types of projections dendrites, which serve as inputs for information, and the axon, which serves as an output device. Information is relayed within a neuron in the form of electrical potentials across the cell membrane. Normally, the potential of the inside of the neuron is negative with respect to the outside due to an ionic concentration gradient across the cell mem-... 

The objective is to provide confidence that the snpplier understands the challenges of making high-integrity safety-related equipment, and has appropriate arrangements in place for the production of such equipment. 

This case study describes a behavioral safety program we coordinated as outside consultants at a paper mill in a small New England town over a period of about a year and a half. To understand the challenges involved, it helps to have some understanding of what is involved in the production of such specialty paper products as toweling and decorative napkins. 

Aldred, L., van der Aalst, W., Dumas, M., ter Hofstede, A. Understanding the challenges in getting together the semantics of decoupling in middleware. In BPM Center Report BPM-06-19. http //www.BPMcenter.org (2006)... 

Kariuki, J., Njem, M., Wamae, W. Mackintosh, M. (2015) Local supply chains for medicines and medical supplies in Kenya understanding the challenges, ACTS Working Paper. Available at http //iphsp.acts-net.org/publications/work-... 

Furthermore, various applications and studies from different research groups are also assimilated in this chapter to understand the challenges and potentials of these smart polymers based drug delivery system. 

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