Polymers smart

2 Semisynthetic polymers Semisynthetic polymers are tailored polymers. Some chemical modifications are made to natural polymers in order to obtain semisynthetic polymers. 

3 Synthetic polymer A polymer that is chemically manufactured from monomers is called a synthetic polymer. Synthetic polymers require human intervention. Currently, synthetic polymers with bioinspired/biomimetic characteristics are gaining attention in the field of new formulation development, particularly for cell-specific targeting. The potential applications of these increasingly sophisticated polymers are in the fields of tissue and cell-specific drug targeting and gene therapy. 

2 Based on type of degradation Heller defined three mechanisms of polymer degradation and on the basis of these mechanisms polymers are classified as follows  

This mechanism is followed by the polymers which show preliminary water solubility but no backbone cleavage. The solubilization occurs via mechanisms like ionization, hydrolysis or protonation. 

This mechanism has the feature of not causing any noteworthy change in the molecular weight of the polymer. The polymers which follow this mechanism include poly(vinyl methyl ether/maleic anhydride) and are not used for preparing implants because of the difficulty of their elimination. 

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Smart memory alloys Smart pigs Smart polymers... 

Other examples of pH-seasitive materials such as the smart hydrogels and smart polymers have been iacluded ia other sectioas of this article. 

Koberstein et al., J.T, Creating smart polymer surfaces with selective adhesion properties. J. Adhes., 66, 229-245 (1998). 

Smart polymers are very fascinating materials that show distinct responses to differences or variations in the surrounding environment (such as thermal gradient, change in pH, and light). 

They are called intelligent because we can in fact utilize their distinctive properties for a wide range of applications. Various types of smart polymers are shown in Figure 10.3. 

Presents current research activities on new rubbers, thermoplastic elastomers, nanocomposites, biomaterials, and smart polymers, as well as rubber blends, composites, and rubber ingredients... 

Sounds and vibrations in electrical appliances or vehicles are in some cases unpleasant. If we can reduce these sounds and vibrations as we desire, we will have a more happy and comfortable life in the next century. Sections 4 and 5 discuss a new smart polymer gel for actively reducing sounds and vibrations. The smart gel can vary its elastic modulus in an electric field. 

Hoshino K, Taniguchi M (2002) In Galaev I, Mattiasson B (eds) Smart Polymers for Bioseparation and Bioprocessing. Taylor Francis, London, p 257... 

See also Smart polymers applications of, 22 355 biodegradable networks of, 22 364 cyclic and thermomechanical characterization of, 22 358—362 defined, 22 355-356 examples of, 22 362-364 molecular mechanism underlying, 22 356-358, 359t Shape-memory rings, 22 351 Shape-memory springs, in virtual two-way SMA devices, 22 346-347 Shape-memory stents, 22 352 Shape, of fiber polymers, 77 174-175. 

Web sites for, 22 722 Smartness, of smart materials, 22 707 Smart polymers. See Shape-memory polymers (SMPs)... 

T. Shimoboji, E. Larenas, T. Fowler, A. S. Hoffman, and P. S. Stayton, Temperature-induced switching of enzyme activity with smart polymer-enzyme conjugates. Bioconjugate CherrL 14 (3), 517(2003). 

Hoffman AS, Stayton PS (2004) Bioconjugates of smart polymers and proteins synthesis and applications. Macromol Symp 207 139-151... 

Galaev lYu, Mattiasson B (2000) Smart polymers and what they could do in biotechnology and medicine. Trends Biotechnol 17 335-340... 

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