Challenges associated with

Similar to oil-fired plants, either low NO burners, SCR, or SNCR can be appHed for NO control at PC-fired plants. Likewise, fabric filter baghouses or electrostatic precipitators can be used to capture flyash (see Airpollution controlmethods). The collection and removal of significant levels of bottom ash, unbumed matter that drops to the bottom of the furnace, is a unique challenge associated with coal-fired faciUties. Once removed, significant levels of both bottom ash and flyash may require transport for landfilling. Some beneficial reuses of this ash have been identified, such as in the manufacture of Pordand cement. 

Despite the challenges, many see nuclear waste issues as being mostly political and social. There is a gi owmg awareness that technical answers alone will not solve the political and social concenis.. Some consider nuclear waste issues small in comparison to the volume and challenges associated with other kinds of wastes, whether generated by power plants or other human activities. 

The chromatographic challenge associated with a particular sample can be summarized by the reduced chromatogram. The reduced chromatogram consists of three peaks and is represented in figure 6. 

The preparation and investigation of the thietane oxide system (5a) is largely associated with stereochemical and conformational studies . The investigation of the thietane dioxides (5b) is substantially related to the chemistry of sulfenes , the [2 -I- 2] cycloaddition of which with enamines is probably the method of choice for the synthesis of 5b . The study of the thiete dioxide system (6) evolved, at least in part, from the recognition that the unstable thiete system 183 can be uniquely stabilized when the sulfur in the system is transformed into the corresponding sulfone , and that the thiete dioxide system is very useful in cycloadditions and thermolytic reactions. The main interest in the dithietane oxides and dioxides (7) appears to lie in the synthetic challenge associated with their preparation, as well as in their unique structural features and chemical behavior under thermolytic conditions . ... 

While experiment and theory have made tremendous advances over the past few decades in elucidating the molecular processes and transformations that occur over ideal single-crystal surfaces, the application to aqueous phase catalytic systems has been quite limited owing to the challenges associated with following the stmcture and dynamics of the solution phase over metal substrates. Even in the case of a submersed ideal single-crystal surface, there are a number of important issues that have obscured our ability to elucidate the important surface intermediates and follow the elementary physicochemical surface processes. The ability to spectroscopically isolate and resolve reaction intermediates at the aqueous/metal interface has made it difficult to experimentally estabhsh the surface chemistry. In addition, theoretical advances and CPU limitations have restricted ab initio efforts to very small and idealized model systems. 

Strategies to determine the nature of reacting RIs in solids are often based on product analyses, stereochemical correlations, kinetics measurements, and so forth, just as they are generally applied in solution media3 While there are challenges associated with the implementation of spectroscopic methods in the solid state, the direct observation of short-lived RIs can be used to support or reject mechanistic models. 

Nucleotides and nucleic acids are critical tools in the areas of gene expression, therapeutics, and diagnostics. However, there are certain challenges associated with their large-scale purification and subsequent characterization. While solid-state oligonucleotide synthesis is relatively simple and can be totally automated, intra- and intermolecular associations may occur involving shorter sequences that may hybridize with the desired full length... 

The significant environmental challenges associated with increased energy use, coupled with increasing competition for fossil fuel supplies, suggest that nuclear power should continue to be an important part of the mix in planning the energy future. 

One of the challenges associated with wind power is its intermittency. Researchers are developing solutions to this problem for off-grid wind systems. Short term, the electrical... 

Another challenge associated with the synthesis of strychnine, as well as other Strychnos alkaloids, is the stereoselective construction of the F-hydroxyethylidene side chain (Scheme 4.5). Strategies that rely on a late-stage olefination reaction of a C20 ketone often suffered from low diasterocontrol for the newly formed alkene, with the best exception provided by Kuehne (15 > 16) [10a, b, d, f]. Overman,... 

This case study deals with the transfer of a complex, proprietary delivery system into a CMO. The delivery system was developed to better deliver poorly soluble compounds, using Alkermes proprietary Nanocrystal Colloidal Dispersion (NCD ) system. The major challenges associated with the transfer of this technology into an Alkermes production facility (Anon, 2012), included ... 

Earlier modeling studies were aimed at predicting the current and temperature distributions, as the nonuniform distributions contribute to stress formation, a major technical challenge associated with the SOFC system. Flow and multicomponent transport were typically simplified in these models that focused on SOFC electrochemistry. Recently, fundamental characteristics of flow and reaction in SOFCs were analyzed using the method of matched asymptotic expansions. " ... 

Across cohorts, women reported problems of balancing family and work lives. Women tended to cite additional challenges associated with gender-regardless of the employment sector and racial composition of employing institution. In fact, some women believed that they, shouldered a disproportionate share of service courses and committee work in their departments. 

Challenges associated with dehning an appropriate audience for a research... 

What are the challenges associated with writing something so short ... 

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