Policy makers

In combination, these papers provide a comprehensive and detailed review of current knowledge and of the important issues for policy makers in the future. The volume will be of interest to a wide readership, including industrial and environmental scientists, managers and policymakers. We hope that our readers will find this as illuminating as we have during the editorial work. 

This phase of the program is designed to ensure that the information produced by the system is fed back to all levels of the workforce, including process operators, managers, supervisors, engineers, and senior policy makers. 

Since the resources for data collection systems will be provided by senior management it is essential that information from the system is fed back to policy makers at this level. It is also important that the system indicates the problem areas as well as the successes. Many organizations have drifted to a state where safety standards have fallen to below acceptable levels over time as a result of suppression of information feedback to senior managers. This may be carried out with good intentions, but its long-term effect can be disastrous. 

Efficiency combines the resource and effectiveness dimensions. In fact, the criterion has many different (and non-contradictory) definitions, depending on the context. For the purposes of the present discussion the pursuit of efficiency can be taken as either reducing the cost of achieving a given level of effectiveness, or improving the effectiveness achieved from a fixed budget or set of resources. Efficiency has sometimes been seen as a controversial criterion, but much of this controversy probably stems from the tendency of some policy-makers to use the term efficiency when they really mean cheap , and to refer to efficiency improvements when they really mean cutbacks . Understood and employed properly, the criterion really ought to be widely accepted, particularly when used in combination with equity. 

In the near future new drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer s disease are expected to be licensed, and it would be extremely valuable to be able to compare them in a clear and well-defined framework. In addition, if economic evaluation is to inform health and social care providers and policy-makers about the potential impact of new interventions in practice, estimation of the value for money of these new interventions requires consideration of (a) the perceived and objective risks and benefits of care (b) attitudes of people with... 

In addition to effectiveness, policy-makers must also address regulatory efficiency, transparency and accountability when evaluating regulatory policies. Questions are often raised, especially by the pharmaceutical industry and consumers, regarding ... 

Policy makers would benefit from a combination of strong field evidence of trends and well-established models to draw upon when assessing the benefits of past or future policy decisions. Models of mercury cycling and bioaccumulation are not yet adequately predictive across a range of conditions and landscapes. Results from a national mercury monitoring program, if carefully designed, offer the potential to... 

Mankind s impact on the global climate and whether pollution from modern energy use is indeed warming the Earth have become important issues for national and international policy makers. Political pressure and public sentiment are based on complex data sets that, alone, cannot tell the whole story. The ultimate question is whether our climate is becoming warmer because of the slow build-up in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations (1). The answer is not clear, because much of what we know about global climate change is inferred from historical evidence of uncertain quality. 

They held conferences and meetings to increase awareness on the part of key policy-makers from ministries of environment and industry, environmental management agencies, and financial institutions, in the hope that they will support the adoption of appropriate institutional policies. 

Most public policy makers agree that competition in electricity supply will yield considerable benefits. We estimate annual consumer savings approaching 20 billion. But it will also likely yield benefits that are still hard to anticipate. 

Where does nonproliferation stand in the myriad of institutional, regulatory, public acceptance, economic and, at times, even technical problems now affecting the future of the nuclear option Is the potential contribution of nuclear power activities to further proliferation seen by policy makers and, of equal importance, the public as a significant obstacle to its revival Or is it viewed as a potential benefit capable of reducing proliferation risks. 

The implementation of an emission trading system is very complicated and requires technical steps, including treatment of sinks, monitoring, and enforcement. On the other hand, taxation is a very well-known instrument by policy makers, not very costly because it does not require monitoring and enforcement organization. 

Lisa Lloyd I guess this is the same question. There are several sets of groups involved in the set of stories that you were talking about. There are Washington policy makers, although there are also local policy makers, and then there are all kinds of media. I would like to talk about the general... 

Mossialos, E., C. Ranos and B. Abel-Smith (1994), Cost Containment, Pricing and Financing of Pharmaceuticals in the European Union the Policy-makers View, London LSE Health and Pharmetrica... 

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