Types of Biomaterial

Bioceramic Coatings for Medical Implants Trends and Techniques, First Edition. 

Materials group Material Selected applications Biological behaviour References 

Metal cp-titanium Acetabular cup shells Bioinert Tschernitscheck, Borchers and Geurtsen (2005) 

Metal Titanium alloys (Ti6A14V, Ti6A17Nb, Ti2, Ti4, Ti6A17Nb, Til3Nbl3Zr, Til2Mo6Zr) Shafts for hip implants, knee implants, coronary stents Bioinert Niinomi (2008) and Elias et al. (2008) 

Metal Tantalum Vascular clips, cranial defect repair, coronary stents Bioactive ( ) Balia et al. (2005) 

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Similarly, after a longer time of incubation, no significant changes in the cell proliferation rate was detected, as can be seen in the data for 72 h (Figure 13). In fact, this was expected due to the biocompatible nature of xylan. As a natural polyssacharide, this type of biomaterial is considered to be highly stable, non-toxic and hydrophilic (Liu et al., 2008). Accordingly, the alkaline extraction of xylan from corn has proved to be a safe approach for obtaining the polymer with no relevant toxicity (Unpublished data). 

Koide, M., Osali, K., Konishi, J., Oyamada, K., Katakura, T., Takahashi, A., and Yoshizato, K. (1993). A new type of biomaterial for artificial skin Dehydrothermally cross-linked composites of fibrillar and denatured collagen. ]. Biomed. Mater. Res. 27,79-84. 

Abstract Carbohydrates have been investigated and developed as delivery vehicles for shuttling nucleic acids into cells. In this review, we present the state of the art in carbohydrate-based polymeric vehicles for nucleic acid delivery, with the focus on the recent successes in preclinical models, both in vitro and in vivo. Polymeric scaffolds based on the natural polysaccharides chitosan, hyaluronan, pullulan, dextran, and schizophyllan each have unique properties and potential for modification, and these results are discussed with the focus on facile synthetic routes and favorable performance in biological systems. Many of these carbohydrates have been used to develop alternative types of biomaterials for nucleic acid delivery to typical polyplexes, and these novel materials are discussed. Also presented are polymeric vehicles that incorporate copolymerized carbohydrates into polymer backbones based on polyethylenimine and polylysine and their effect on transfection and biocompatibility. Unique scaffolds, such as clusters and polymers based on cyclodextrin (CD), are also discussed, with the focus on recent successes in vivo and in the clinic. These results are presented with the emphasis on the role of carbohydrate and charge on transfection. Use of carbohydrates as molecular recognition ligands for cell-type specific dehvery is also briefly... 

These biotechnologically formed artificial pipelines with an internal diameter of less than 3 mm (Fig. 14) were investigated for their application as a new type of biomaterial for surgery on microvessels (microsurgery). This work is characterized by an intensive cooperative effort between physicians, chemists and biologists. 

Zhao, X. and Zhang, S. Self-Assembling Nanopeptides Become a New Type of Biomaterial. Vol. 203, pp. 145-170. 

Comparison of Nanofiber-Based Biomimetic Scaffolds yvith Other Types of Biomaterial Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration... 

However, from the efficiency point of view, it has to be considered that the biomass formation always requires the conversion of solar energy to some type of biomaterial, and this can be realized only by the photosynthesis process, whose energy efficiency is lower than 1% (see Sect. 1.3). 

Carbohydrates are the most used hydrophilic materials for bioencapsulation. There are several reasons that make the utilization of these types of biomaterials very common, such as easy to find on the market, relatively low cost, very convenient functional properties that make these biomaterials accessible to many bioencapsulation techniques, and make the bioencapsulation of a large range of active materials suitable. 

Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Common Silks (Silkworm and Spider Dragline) to Several Types of Biomaterial Fibers and Tissues Commonly Used Today... 

In situ polymerizable materials comprise reactive monomers and/or macromers that are injected into the tissue defect in liquid form where they cure in situ to form a solid polymer. The cured polymer or gel forms by crosslinking of reactive monomers and macromer chains to form a polymer network. Depending on the crosslinking mechanism, various classes of materials can be prepared, including photopolymerized gels, chemically crosslinked thermosets, and ion-mediated gels." " Each of these types of biomaterials will be reviewed in this section. 

In this chapter we concentrate on a specific type of biomaterial, bioerodible polymers. The term bioerodible is usually reserved for systems where polymer erosion occurs in the same time scale as drug release. In most cases the polymer degrades via a hydrolytic mechanism and may proceed either homogenously... 

Due to the diversity of their properties, which encompass elasticity, toughness, tear and abrasion resistance, and their biocompatibility, polyurethanes continue to be one of the most widely used type of biomaterials. Their propensity for chemical modification enables polyurethanes to be developed for a wide range of applications. 

Natural plastics/bio-plastics or organic plastics are special type of biomaterials, made from renewable biomass sources such as vegetable oil, com starch, pea starch, or microbiota, rather than fossil-fuel plastics which are derived from petroleum. 

Gadd, 2009). Biosorption of metal ions is not based on only one mechanism. It is a complicated process and follows complex mechanisms, mainly ion exchange, adsorption by physical forces (e.g., electrostatic), complexation/coordination and precipitation (VoleskyandHolan, 1995). Type of biomaterials, properties of metal solution chemistry and environmental conditions such as pH influence the mechanism of metal biosorption (Das et al, 2008). 

Zhao X, Zhang S (2006) Self-assembling nanopeptides become a new type of biomaterial,... 

Ducheyne and Hench [118] developed a composite made by Bioglass 45S5 and stainless steel AISI 316L metal fibers. This type of biomaterial is obtained by a process of immersion of metallic fibers in the melted glass. The composite material thus obtained has a greater mechanical resistance, better ductility and a similar Yoimg modulus to the human the cortical bone. 

Although Heng s work [113] achieved feeder layer-free and xeno-free cultures of hESCs in chemically defined medium, the researchers only verified a few ES cell lines (HES-3 and H7). It is not clear whether the microcarriers and cell culture protocol used by Heng et al. could support all hESC and hiPSC lines. It is preferable to prepare or synthesize microcarriers composed of other types of biomaterials and to develop and design optimal microcarriers for hPSC culture in feeder layer-free and xeno-free culture conditions by referencing Heng s work [113]. 

Besides metals, ceramics and composites polymers are a main type of biomaterials, which are intended to interface with biological systems with the purpose to evaluate, treat, augment or replace any tissue, organ or function of the body [1, 2], Fast it becomes clear that polymers are most useful for medical treatments associated with soft tissues, whereas metals and ceramics are better suitable for the treatment of harder tissues such as bone [3],... 

Self-Assembling Nanopeptides Become a New Type of Biomaterial... 

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