Type of Facility

Safeguards procedures vary also according to the type of facility and the physical form under which nuclear materials appear. Two types of facilities are considered. 

Item facility. Power reactors (Light Water Reactor (LWR), On-load Reactor (OLR)), Research Reactor (Material Testing Reactor (MTR), Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR), (TRIGA) and Critical Assemblies, Nuclear Material Storage (dry and wet). 

Bulk handling facility fuel fabrication, reprocessing, conversion, and enrichment. 

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The types of facilities bottleneck which appear late in field life depend upon the reservoir, development scheme and facilities in place. Two of the most common capacity constraints affecting production include ... 

Adequate support from the facility staff is absolutely essential. The facility staff must help the analysis team gather pertinent documents (e.g., PSilDs, procedures, software descriptions, material inventories, meteorological data, population data) and must describe current operating and maintenance practices. The facility staff must then critique the logic model(s) and calculation(s) to ensure that the assumptions are correct and that the results seem reasonable. The facility staff should also be involved in developing any recommendations to reduce risk so they will fully understand the rationale behind all proposed improvements and can help ensure that the proposed improvements are feasible. Table 12 summarizes the types of facility resources and personnel needed for a typical QRA. 

Major Source a stationary facility that emits a regulated pollutant in an amount exceeding the threshold level (100 or 250 tons per year, depending on the type of facility). See also source. 

Judgement may be based on the accident history, type of facility, storage conditions, control technologies in place, and other factors. 

Service specifications should provide a clear description of the manner in which the service is to be delivered, the criteria for its acceptability, the resources required, including the numbers and skills of the personnel required, the numbers and types of facilities and equipment necessary, and the interfaces with other services and suppliers. 

The frequency and types of tests employed should, of course, bear some relation to the type of facility being considered. If steam and condensate are not tested, carryover, corrosion, contamination, and other potential problems may be missed, which undoubtedly will have a deleterious impact in other parts of the overall boiler plant. 

The most recent TRI data indicate that six sites in the United States processed methyl parathion in 1999 (TRI99 2001). The total of reported releases to air was 15 pounds, representing 100% of all environmental releases (Table 6-1). The TRI data should be used with caution because only certain types of facilities are required to report. This is not an exhaustive list. 

The TRI data should be used with caution because only certain types of facilities are required to report. This is not an exhaustive list. 

Injection Facility Overview describes the type of facility, its current status, and the characteristics of the injected wastes, and presents a brief history of injection and monitoring activities, including the distance traveled by the waste. 

The paper and allied products industry comprises three types of facilities pulp mills that process raw wood fiber or processed fiber to make pulp paper and board mills that manufacture paper or board and converting facilities that use these primary materials to manufacture more specialized products such as writing paper, napkins, and other tissue products. The process of converting paper is not a source of water or air pollution, as is the case for the first two facilities. This chapter focuses primarily on the greatest areas of environmental concern within the pulp and paper industry those from pulping processes. 

Type of Facility Number of Facilities Number of Operations Uncontrolled Emissions (Mg/yr) Controlled Emissions (Mg/yr)... 

Alternately, consumer products could be shipped en masse to distribution centers located near the population centers. From here they would be shipped by truck to individual customers. This type of facility has sales advantages. The retailer can be guaranteed that his order will be delivered within 24 hours after its receipt. This allows him to provide excellent customer service with a small warehouse. These centers could receive bulk quantities, but then each one would have to package the product. This would mean a duplication of packaging facilities. 

Table 4-1 lists the number of facilities in each state that have lead on site, the intended use, and the range of maximum amounts of lead that are stored on site. There are currently 1,476 facilities that produce or process lead or that have lead in some form on site in the United States. The data listed in Table 4-1 are derived from the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI96 1998). Only certain types of facilities were required to report. Therefore, this is not an exhaustive list. Table 4-2 shows the U.S. production volumes for lead during the years 1990 through 1997. 

According to the Toxics Release Inventory, in 1996, the estimated releases of lead of 15,147,385 pounds (6,870,738 kg) to land from 1,454 large processing facilities accounted for about 89.4% of total environmental releases (TRI96 1998). An additional 794 pounds (360 kg), constituting less than 0.005% of the total environmental releases, were released via underground injection (TRI96 1998). Also, some of the estimated 370,905,354 pounds (168,239,838 kg) of lead transferred off-site may be ultimately disposed of on land. It should be noted that TRI-reported releases to land include, but are not limited to, releases to soil. Table 5-1 lists amounts released from these facilities. The TRI data should be used with caution, however, since only certain types of facilities are required to report. This is not an exhaustive list. 

Additional specialized studies are sometimes specified for offshore facilities. These may include the following, depending on the type of facility under review ... 

Time and resources need to be made available to assess the safety significance of proposed changes when dealing with chemical reactivity hazards. The effects of proposed changes need to be carefully reviewed, new test data may need to be obtained, and experts may need to be consulted. This issue is especially challenging in some types of facilities such as specialty chemical operations, where many different products and processes are introduced on a regular basis. 

Facilities in each state that manufactured or processed hydrogen cyanide in 1992, the range of the maximum amounts stored on site, and the types of production or use activities (e.g., production for sale or on-site use in processing) are shown in Table 4-1 (TRI93 1995). The information in Table 4-1 is derived from the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). The TRI data should be used with caution since only certain types of facilities are required to report. This is not an exhaustive list. No information is available in the TRI database for other cyanide and thiocyanate compounds in this profde because these compounds are not included under SARA, Title III and, therefore, are not among the chemicals that facilities are required to report (EPA 1993g). 

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