Injection facility

When calcium carbonate goes into solution, it releases basic carbonate ions (COf ), which react with hydrogen ions to form carbon dioxide (which will normally remain in solution at deep-well-injection pressures) and water. Removal of hydrogen ions raises the pH of the solution. However, aqueous carbon dioxide serves to buffer the solution (i.e., re-forms carbonic acid in reaction with water to add H+ ions to solution). Consequently, the buffering capacity of the solution must be exceeded before complete neutralization will take place. Nitric acid can react with certain alcohols and ketones under increased pressure to increase the pH of the solution, and this reaction was proposed by Goolsby41 to explain the lower-than-expected level of calcium ions in backflowed waste at the Monsanto waste injection facility in Florida. 

This section discusses how held studies can be used in geochemical fate assessment and includes six cases of deep-well-injection facilities, documenting the geochemistry of the injected hazardous and other industrial wastes. Each case study is organized in the same format, with section headings as follows ... 

Injection Facility Overview describes the type of facility, its current status, and the characteristics of the injected wastes, and presents a brief history of injection and monitoring activities, including the distance traveled by the waste. 

Table 20.19 summarizes information about each study, including the location of the well, the lithology of the injection zone, waste characteristics, and the major geochemical processes observed. Current commercial-hazardous-waste, deep-well-injection facilities can be found on the Environment, Health and Safety Online (EHSO) web site.163... 

FIGURE 20.12 Monsanto Injection Facility hydrogeologic cross-section. (From U.S. EPA, Assessing the Geochemical Fate of Deep-Well-Injected Hazardous Waste A Reference Guide, EPA/625/6-89/025a, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH, June 1990.)... 

Case Study No. 3 Belle Glade, FL 20.7.3.1 Injection-Facility Overview... 

Dissolved air flotation equipment is available from a number of manufacturers. Packaged units of steel construction are available with capacities to 7.6 cu m/min (2000 gpm). The essential elements of the DAF system are the pressurizing pump, air injection facilities, pressurization tank or contact vessel, back-pressure regulating device, and the flotation chamber [40]. 

SUBJECT Microbiological Environmental Monitoring of Injectable Facility... 

GUIDELINE OF NUMBER OF SAMPLING POINTS FOR SURFACE MONITORING CLASS 100 OF INJECTABLE FACILITIES... 

ENVIRONMENTAL EXCURSION INVESTIGATION REPORT SURFACE MONITORING OF INJECTABLE FACILITY... 

Phase water injection facilities, trade-off-decreasing drill weights.. yes... 

Because injection of anti-foam agent would probably he a permanent requirement, a scheme to provide dedicated anti-foam injection facilities for both Ninian and Brent crude streams was prepared. 

These gels usually have only one component during injection. Thus, using them is a simpler process and does not require many of the injection facilities and instruments that often are needed to dissolve and mix polymer and crosslinkers for conventional in situ gels. 

The NaCl brine preflush slug was injected from August 18, 1995, to July 21, 1996, after about 35 years of waterflooding. This process lasted 338 days, including the waiting period for the injection facilities. The ASP injection, which was started on July 22, 1996, and ended on June 12, 1997, lasted 319 days. In the 174-day period from June 13, 1997, to December 4, 1997, the polymer slug was injected. A water drive, which was conducted after the chemical injection processes, took about another half year, and the pilot test ended in the middle of 1998. 

A procedure will be developed that identifies the certification requirements for all High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters in the Injectable facility. This will include HEPA filters mounted in ceilings, flow hoods, biosafety... 

Figure 1.8. An example of a deep-well injection facility. Monsanto s facility near Pensacola, Florida, injects acidic waste streams more than 1000 ft deep into the Lower Limestone of the Floridian Aquifer. Observed reactions include dissolution of limestone, reactions among the wastes under higher pressure and temperature, and suppression of microbial activities (Boulding, 1990).

Steam distillation can be carried out in both batchwise and continuous plant and, since the equipment is very simple and can be used on a routine basis for preparing the plant for maintenance or for cleaning between campaigns, steam injection facilities should be fitted even when process application is not immediately foreseen. 

Injection facilities for injecting gas and liquids into weUs and storage facilities. Since production pressure from wells tends to decline over time, hydrocarbons are re-injected to maintain or increase the pressure. 

A dry air injection facility is occasionally provided at the outlet of the fourth pass to cool the gases before entering the fifth pass to about 380-390 °C. This is done with a view to maximize the overall conversion of SO2 to SO3 since the last pass can be operated at as low a temperature as possible. 

Earlier designs of sulfuric acid plants preferred minimizing initial capital cost and hence heat recovery equipment was not common. For example, these designs had atmospheric cooling ducts, air cooled heat exchangers, or air injection facilities instead of waste heat recovery boilers and economisers. 

---