Tubing volume

The annular volume per ft is 0.1997 fC/ft. The tubing volume per ft is 0.0217 ftyft). The yield of a Class C neat cement slurry is 1.32 ftVsack (see Table 4-155). Thus the volume of the cement slurry is... 

This regime is characterized by the presence of one continuous fluid phase and one discrete fluid phase in tubular systems. The existence of the discrete phase generates a large interfacial area per unit tube volume for all flow configurations included in this regime. For that reason, Regime IV is of pragmatic interest when interphase heat and mass transfer are of key importance. 

Flow rate to tube Flow rate to tank Interchange flow rate Reaction constant Reaction order Feed fraction tube/tank Flow fraction Fi/F0 Feed fraction tankl/tank2 Flow fraction F3/F2 Volume fraction tube/tankl Volume fraction tankl /tank2 Volume of tank sections in tube Volume of main reactor section Volume of deadzone section Volume of tube reactor... 

Values of B 0.021-0.027 have been reported and a mean value of 0.023 may be taken, which means that equation 12.24 very similar to the general heat transfer equation for forced convection in tubes (Volume 1, Chapter 9). The data shown in Figure 12.4 are... 

Reasons have been advanced for both an increase and a decrease of the tube diameter with strain. A justification of the former view might be the retraction process itself [38]. If it acts in a similar way to the dynamic dilution and the effective concentration of entanglement network follows the retraction then Cgjy < E.u > so that a < E.u On the other hand one might guess that at large strains the tube deforms at constant tube volume La. The tube length must increase as < E.u >,so from this effect a < E.u > . Indeed, Marrucci has recently proposed that both these effects exist and remain unnoticed in step strain because they cancel [69] Of course this is far from idle speculation because there is another situation in which such effects would have important consequences. This is in conditions of continuous deformation, to which we now turn. 

If the value of VERTICAL.TUBE.ROTORS is found to be true (or "yes") then clause 2 of the rule is evaluated. The references to "fact" in clause 2 cause the system to refer to a table that contains the facts for particular rotors. References to the facts ROTOR.DESIGN, TUBE.VOLUME, and K.FACTOR are applications of particular constraints to the rotors. For example, two constraints are that the rotor must have a tube volume greater than 1 mL and a k factor less than 50. Clause 3 further pares the set of rotors on the basis of k factor by taking only the best rotor and any rotor with a k factor within 50% of the k factor of the best rotor. 

Figure 4. A rule that selects rotors to minimize the run time in a plasmid DNA separation. The rule examines a set of rotors called USERS.MATCHED.ROTORS, selecting those rotors that satisfy criteria based on the rotor design, tube volume, and k factor.

If the guide does not indicate what amount of a substance must be taken for performing an experiment in a test tube, take a dry substance in an amount covering the bottom of the tube, and a solution in an amount not more than one-sixth of the tube volume. 

Organic chemists and biochemists alike have long relied on NMR spectroscopy to assist in identification and determination of structures of small compounds. Most students have some familiarity with this technique and practical information is available in many places.426-428 Measurements can be done on solids, liquids, or gases but are most often done on solutions held in special narrow NMR tubes. Volumes of samples are typically 0.5 ml (for a 1-5-mM solution containing 1-5 pmol of protein) but less for small molecules and... 

Perfluorocyclohexa-l,4-dicnc(21 g) was passed with a flow of N, through a mild-steel tube (volume = 0.4 L) at 500 C at a residence time of ca 11.5 min. The products were collected in a trap cooled with liquid N2 and quantified by GC perfluorocyclohexa-1,4-diene (27%). perfluorocyclohexa-1.3-dicnc (12%). per-fluorobcnzcnc (55%), perfluorocyclohexene (6%). 

A stoichiometric mixture of 3.478 g. (15 mmoles) of tungsten-(VI) oxide and 11.897 g. (30 mmoles) of tungsten(VI) chloride is placed in the reaction tube, and an excess of 1 mg. of tungsten(VI) chloride per milliliter of tube volume is added. The tube is sealed under vacuum and heated in a temperature gradient of 200/175°C. with the reaction mixture placed in the hotter part of the furnace (Fig. 14). After about 10 hours the reaction is complete, and 15 g. of tungsten(VI) tetrachloride oxide are obtained (98% yield). The analyses of the sublimed product by the H-tube method are somewhat inaccurate, because of the extreme moisture sensitivity of this substance (loss of hydrogen chloride by hydrolysis). Anal. Calcd. for W0C14 W, 53.82 Cl, 41.50 O, 4.68. Found W, 54.20 Q, 41.40 O, 4.46. 

A stoichiometric mixture of 1.834 g. (10 mg. atoms) of tungsten powder, 4.637 g. (20 mmoles) of tungsten(VI) oxide, and 11.897 g. (30 mmoles) of tungsten(VI) chloride is put into a reaction tube. An excess of 8 mg. of WC16 per milliliter of tube volume is added. The tube is sealed under vacuum and placed in a temperature gradient of 450/230°C. 

The crude product usually contains excess chlorine (WOCl2t3), which can be removed by chemical transport in the presence of 2 mg. tungsten(VI) chloride per milliliter of tube volume in a temperature gradient of 520/250°C. The proposed chemical transport equation is ... 

The crude product contains a small amount of the less volatile tungsten(VI) dibromide dioxide as an impurity, which can be separated by sublimation at 120°C. under dynamic vacuum (10-3 torr). A yield of approximtely 15 g. (96%) of pure tungsten(VI) tetrabromide oxide is obtained after sublimation. Large crystals can be obtained by sublimation of the purified product in another tube with 1 mg. of bromine per milliliter of tube volume in a temperature gradient of 220/160°C. Anal. Calcd. for WOBr4 W, 35.40 Br, 61.52 O, 3.08. Found W, 35.37 Br, 61.56 O, 3.08. 

It is critically important to understand this last point. There are two tubing volumes that can dramatically affect the appearance of your separation the one coming from the injector to the column and from the column to the detector flow cell. It is important to keep this volume as small as possible. The smaller the column diameter and the smaller the packing material diameter, the more effect these tubing volumes will have on the separation s appearance (peak sharpness). 

Detectors are not limited to solo use they can be hooked in series to get more information from the same sample. In a serial operation, be sure that the refractive index detector or electrochemical detector is the last in the line. Their flow cells are more fragile than UV and fluorescence cells and won t take the increased back-pressure. Keep the tubing diameter fine and as short as possible to avoid band spreading. You must correct for connecting tubing volume (time) delay in comparing chromatograms from the two detectors. 

The volume of the liquid in the shell (total shell volume minus tube volume) is typically equal to the tube volume. A circulating cooling water system is assumed, and a high circulation rate of the process liquid is assumed. So the temperature in the shell is Tc, and the temperature in the tubes is TR. The linear and nonlinear models are the same as for the jacket-cooled CSTR except the volume and area of the heat exchanger are used instead of the jacket volume and area. 

The diameter of the reactor tubes is a design optimization variable, but a maximum limit of 0.12 m is used to avoid mechanical and heat transfer difficulties. The cross-sectional area of the reactor vessel is assumed to be twice the total cross-sectional area of all the reactor tubes, that is, the volume in the shell outside the tubes is equal to the total tube volume. 

FEHE (both hot and cold sides) = 17 m3 First reactor (half of tube volume) = 24 m3 Second reactor (full tube volume and half of shell volume) = 49 m3... 

The size of the tube depends on the amount of resin to be phosphorylated resulting in certain volumes of the reagents. For appropriate mixing the reagent volume should not exceed half of the total tube volume. 

There are also special cells for use with USP Apparatus 4 in a closed-loop configuration. Using a 100 mL bottle, a total volume of dissolution media ranges from 25 to 100 mL. For very low volume assembly, a test tube with a rubber stopper allowing for inlet and outlet tubing can be used. However, with the need for even smaller volumes, internal modifications should be made to the apparatus to minimize the impact on functionality due to a change in the internal tubing volumes. Also, the additional volume of the flow cell must be considered. For example, the implant... 

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