Trunk pipelines

Trunk pipelines and related storage facilities 22 years... 

The third potentially most hazardous kind of projects is trunk pipelines. There are trunk pipelines in Ukraine that are tens, hundreds, and even thousands of kilometers long, through which hundreds of thousand and million cubic meters of oil, gas condensate, gas, ammonia, toxic chemical waste, mineral ore-dressing waste, including radio-active one, are pumped over long distances. 

Tank Farm An installation used by gathering and trunk pipeline companies, crude oil producers and terminal operators to store crude oil. 

Two trunk pipelines can be constructed in existing pipeline corridors corresponding to the interstate highways I 10,1 20, and 1-40. Figure 12 presents a schematic of a trunk pipeline with lateral regional and local spur pipelines, which terminate at city gate distribution centers. 

Demonstrate urban pipeline network to supply refuelling stations in UK Demonstrate trunk pipelines in UK Co-operate in refuelling codes and standards development Conduct UK systems studies and demonstration of biomass to H2 Plan for future natural gas demand for H2... 

A modification of the laminated anticorrosion film coat used on trunk Pipelines is shown in Fig. 2.58 [4,165]. The film consists of two barrier PE-based layers, 1 and 2. The first of these has strip substrates 1 bonded by glue 4 to a cellular layer 3 containing a mixture of heat-resistant mineral oil and Cl (sodium benzoate) 5. The second layer 2 is a separating layer and is weakly adhered to layer 3. Prior to application of the coating, layer 2 is removed and the film material is pasted over the metal pipeline, with inhibited layer 3 facing the surface being protected. Laminated materials of this t q)e are usually based on very strong cross-linked or oriented films to make the insulation more reliable and reduce its penetrability to ambient matter [4]. 

As far back as the middle of the 20th century trunk pipelines were protected from corrosion mainly by bitumen and paper and operated reliably with such insulation for 20 to 30 years. Modern systems of protecting pipelines are much more complex and expensive (see Sect. 3.5.3) but their useful operating life has fallen. The main reason is contamination of the environment caused by man, composed of a number of factors, namely ... 

The era of contract-based gas pipeline transport (1985-present) By 2000, after 15 years of development, an unregulated market for gas pipeline capacity exists in its own right. Gas pipelines companies are not permitted to own the gas they transport in their trunk pipelines. The FERC still licenses new pipeline capacity projects and primary pipeline prices, according to the 1938 legislation, but it does not regulate secondary capacity prices. 

The FERC found that open access was not enough to foster competitive gas markets if pipelines owned the gas that they shipped. It was at this point, in 1992, that the FERC required that pipelines transfer title to their own gas supplies by the time the gas entered the main trunk pipelines. In this way, all of the gas in their trunk lines was owned by others, and no gas supplier could claim an operational advantage over any other (as the pipelines had theretofore successfully been able to do). In essence, the EERC imposed the Commodities Clause that Congress had declined to apply to oil pipelines in 1906 or to gas pipelines in 1938. 

There are a number of cases of discriminatory behavior cited in that report, all seemingly stemming from the lack either of ownership separation or of separation between transport and gas sales. Within many gas companies, trading names, brands and logos are still shared, and there is no application of what is known in the US as the Commodities Clause, which would prevent transport pipelines from owning the gas shipped in their trunk pipelines. 

Pipelines Pipelines carrying wet gas and crude oil present a corrosion hazard and are protected accordingly by coatings and/or inhibitors. Limitations of corrosion monitoring arise from sampling, in relation to the sampling and interval, and access problems for subsea pipelines (major trunk lines). 

Many of Russia s major oil pipelines parallel gas lines. A trunk oil line runs eastward from the Volga-Ural fields to Irkutsk on Lake Baikal, westward from those fields into Ukraine and Latvia, and southwest to connect with the North Caucasus oil... 

The network of crude oil pipelines in the U.S. is extensive. There are approximately 55,000 miles of crude oil trunk lines (usually 8-24 inches in diameter) in the U.S. that connect regional markets. The map below shows some of the major crude oil trunk lines in the U.S. (Figure 1). 

Fig. 12. H2 pipeline system trunk, regional lateral, and local spur pipelines.

Three major proposals have been advanced which would provide large diameter pipeline transportation for North Slope gas as well as that gas which may become available in Canada s Northwest frontier areas. The Gas Arctic Systems group has proposed a 1550 mile system which would connect the Prudhoe Bay area with an extension of the existing Alberta Gas Trunk Line system in Alberta, Canada. This system could make gas available to U.S. West Coast and Midwest markets through pipeline interconnections with existing pipeline systems. Spon-... 

During the third era, conflict developed regarding unfair competition between pipeline-owned gas and that owned by third parties. As a result, the Commission imposed rules in 1992 to divorce the ownership of gas within the pipeline. Thereafter, all the gas flowing in the major trunk gas pipelines was owned by third parties mostly the gas distributors and power-generating companies (and some gas marketers as the gas market became more liquid and competitive). 

Gas pipelines ordered to ship only gas owned by others in their trunk lines, an application of the age-old Commodities Clause for US rail transporters (1992). 

Gas pipelines forced to cede to contract shippers the control of property rights inherent in the value, in excess of cost, of the capacity on their trunk lines (2000). 

What are the choices for competition and security of supply on the European gas pipeline network The contractualization route in Europe would require the definition and distribution of property rights and the imposition of meticulous accounting regulations currently foreign to European regulators. It would require the synchronization of pipeline capacity across national borders within Europe and a single regulatory jurisdiction for the major trunk gas pipeline companies that requires vastly enhanced market information requirements. It would also perhaps require the structural separation of pipeline companies (critical in the US, virtually... 

In the currently built west-east Phase II gas pipeline, the trunk diameter is 1219 mm, and the branch trunk diameter includes 1016 mm and 660 mm. 1016 mm diameter pipes are more used. In this simulation, main consideration is given to the diameter of the 1219 mm pipe. 

The case study is related to Dehshir and Kashan pipeline gas stations in Iran Gas Trunk line 8. The simulation has been performed in Thermoflex Software. Also, the Matlab code has been developed for thermodynamic simulation and exergoeconomic analysis of different scenarios. Finally, the thermodynamic, economics and exergoeconomic parameters for integration of the different cooling systems were calculated and compared. 

N-lO Sewer System. The 100-N sewer system was constructed to replace five 100-N Area sewer systems. The system includes a two-pond lagoon facility, a sewer trunk line and other pipelines, three lift stations, service access holes, and associated sewer system instrumentation and annunciation capability. Five sewer systems were replaced (DOE-RL 1990) ... 

N-10 100-N Seuer System Sanitary seuage. Central seuer system with three lagoons, sewer trunk line and other pipelines, and lift stations. 

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