Trees broad-leaved

Timber is derived from a great number of botanical species, and has a wide range of properties. Variability also occurs within a single species and in order to achieve acceptable levels of uniformity, selection by grading is necessary. The timber trade differentiates between softwoods and hardwoods, and the latter are again separated into temperate and tropical types. Hardwoods are derived from broad-leaved and mainly deciduous trees, which are anatomically more complex and differ in chemical composition... 

Diphenyl ethers are both systemic and contact herbicides and are used for the selective control of annual broad-leaved weeds and grasses in a variety of crops (such as soybeans, maize, rice, wheat, barley, peanuts, cotton, onions and ornamental trees) under different application scenarios. This class of herbicides contains a diphenyl ether moiety as the core substructure. Acifluorfen, bifnox, chlomethoxyfen, chlorni-trofen, fluoroglycofen-ethyl and fomesafen, etc., are representative compounds of the diphenyl ether herbicides (Figure 1). 

Most wood can be classified into two broad categories, hardwood and softwood, terms that distinguish between the nature of the trees rather than between the properties in wood. The term hardwood, for example, refers to the wood of deciduous, broad-leaved trees such as birch, oak, and poplar, from the temperate and tropical regions of the world. Softwood, on the other hand, is used to refer to the wood of coniferous trees, needleleaved, evergreen trees such as fir, hemlock, and pine, which grow mainly in temperate and cold regions (see Table 71). The terms hardwood and... 

Triterpenoids (C30 compounds) are the most ubiquitous of the terpenoids and are found in both terrestrial and marine flora and fauna (Mahato et al., 1992). Diterpenoids and triterpenoids rarely occur together in the same tissue. In higher plants, triterpenoid resins are found in numerous genera of broad-leaved trees, predominantly but not exclusively tropical (Mills and White, 1994 105). They show considerable diversity in the carbon skeleton (both tetracyclic and pentacyclic structures are found) which occur in nature either in the free state or as glycosides, although many have either a keto or a hydroxyl group at C-3, with possible further functional groups and/or double bonds in the side-chains. 

The coffee of commerce is from the nutlike seeds called beans, that are borne by a tropical evergreen tree, with glistening and waxy surfaced, broad leaves. The seeds are two to a fruit, in pairs, and are covered with a thin, usually red flesh, that makes a cherrylike fruit. There are said to be 50 to 80 different species of coffee. It is still a profitable field of botanical study. At present three species of the tree produce coffee of commerce. 

Weeds vary from low and succulent broad-leaved weeds that grow best in wet shady areas and the hardier coarse types that are found in drier, more exposed soils, to vines that clamber over coffee trees and smother them with injurious growth, to useless woody bushes that come up between the coffee trees, and tough grasses that compete for both moisture and soil nutrients. In Kenya and Brazil it is essential... 

Of the 250,000 species of known plants, about 170,000 grow in the tropical rain forest, more than half native to the Americas. Many of these, mostly broad-leaved evergreens, large ferns, lianas, and epiphytic orchids, have been transplanted to other tropical regions or have adapted to indoor culture. Tropical rain forests in the Indo-Pacific are dominated by resinous trees in the Dipterocarpaceae, which make a sheltering canopy. The African tropical rain forest is the poorest in species. 

Keiller DR, Holmes MG (2001) Effects of long-term exposure to elevated UV-B radiation on the photosynthetic performance of five broad-leaved tree species. Photosynth Res 67 229-240 Kogami H, Hanba YT, Kibe T, Terashima I, Masuzawa T (2001) C02 transfer conductance, leaf structure and carbon isotope composition of Polygonum cuspidatum leaves from low and high altitudes. Plant Cell Environ 24 529-538... 

Survival and Competition in Early Growth Stages. The selective death of ponderosa pine in a conifer mixture with sugar pine, white fir, and incense cedar is an incident which directly affects other conifer species in the community. The conifer species compete with each other and with broad-leaved tree and shrub species for available light, soil moisture, nutrients, and space throughout their life span. 

Each vessel consists of numerous drumshaped vessel members with open ends, stacked one above the other to form a continuous vessel pipeline from root tips to the leaves. The vessels in oaks and some other broad-leaved trees are large enough to be seen with the unaided eye, that is, as round pores at the end surface and as needlelike grooves at the lateral surface (Fig. 28.2).4... 

As a porous material, wood contains air-filled or water-filled cell cavities surrounded by cell walls (Fig. 28.3). The cell wall substance is remarkably uniform it differs very little even between conifers and broad-leaves trees and has a constant density of around 1.5 g/cm3. The density of wood thus depends on the proportion of the cell wall volume to the volume of the bulk wood. 

Pre-emergence control of annual grass and some broad-leaved weeds in tree fruit,... 

Trees > Shrubs > Herbaceous, Coniferous > Broad-leaved, Gymnosperms > Ferns > Dicotyledons > Onocotyledons... 

COURSE OF THE DISEASE. The two diseases often occur together. The causative organisms overwinter on apple trees and other broad-leaved trees. Infections occur from the end of May onwards, in cool, wet weather. There is a risk of infection until September. Severely affected apples start to shrivel in storage. 

Noctuid moths are polyphagous, i.e. they also develop in many different types of broad-leaved trees (oak, lime, poplar, etc.), from which they can fly into the orchard in spring. 

Katayama, T., Suzuki, T., Lourith, N. and Kurita, Y. (2005) Biosynthesis and stereochemistry of lignans and neolignans Stereoselective cross coupling of coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol in broad-leaved trees. Kami Parupu Kenkyu Happyokai Koen Yoshishu, 72, 84 9. 

The deciduous trees and shrubs also known as the broad-leaved plants and the summer-green plants form the principal tropophytes. The deciduous forests, which include the oaks, the beeches, the ashes, the maples, the walnuts, the chestnuts, cover a great part of eastern and western China, central Europe (England, France, Belgium, Germany) and eastern Australia, and are coincident with the countries occupied by the most civilized races of man, such as the Americans, Europeans, Chinese and Japanese. The cold temperate climatic conditions which have determined the distribution of the forest trees have been influential also in the development of the energetic races of mankind. 

The fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi causes a root and stem-base disease of a wide-range of coniferous and broad-leaved trees. For example, it is associated with the decline of several species such as the beech and the Spanish oak in particular environments. It secretes an ehcitor protein, p-cinnamomin, which ehcits plant defence mechanisms and in sensitive species produces plant cell necrosis. This protein acts as a sterol carrier protein and so it alfects cellular membranes. A related organism, P. ramonan, is the causal agent of a disease known as Sudden Oak Death . It has been found in this country, along with... 

R-40244 shows good selectivity on carrots, potatoes, sunflowers, winter wheat, cotton, tree and bush fruits. European field trials carried out in potatoes, sunflowers and winter wheat (Pereiro et al.. 1982) indicate that rates of 0.5-1.0 kg active ingredient/ha are sufficient for a season-long control of broad-leaved weeds. 

Drechsel, R, and Zech, W. (1991). Foliar nutrient levels of broad-leaved trcrpical trees A tabular review. Plant and Soil 131, 29-46. 

Baldocchi, D. D., and Vogel, C. A. (1996). Energy and CO, flux densities above and below a temperate broad-leaved forest and boreal pine forest. Tree Physiol. 16, 5 - 16. 

Kellison. R. C. Gardner, W. E. "Proceedings", lUFRO Consultation on Fast-Growing Plantation Broad-Leaved Trees for Mediterranean and Temperate Zones, Lisbon, Portugal, 1979 in press. 

From 100 plant samples in Hokkaido and 22 samples in Miyagi, 20 and 12 labyrinthulids, respectively, were isolated in our experiment. One of the isolates from a broad-leaved tree in Miyagi, Strain M31, contained more n-6 DPA than DHA. Figure 1 shows the total fatty acid composition of the culture medium containing M31, Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus and SBO. As LCPUFA occurred only in M31 among the three, the content of n-6 DPA in M31 was estimated to be 52.7% of the... 

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