Phytophthora cinnamomi

The fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi causes a root and stem-base disease of a wide-range of coniferous and broad-leaved trees. For example, it is associated with the decline of several species such as the beech and the Spanish oak in particular environments. It secretes an ehcitor protein, p-cinnamomin, which ehcits plant defence mechanisms and in sensitive species produces plant cell necrosis. This protein acts as a sterol carrier protein and so it alfects cellular membranes. A related organism, P. ramonan, is the causal agent of a disease known as Sudden Oak Death . It has been found in this country, along with 

kernoviae, on some oak and beech trees as well as on some non-native shrubs such as viburnum and rhododendron. 

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Benson DM (1978) Thermal inactivation of Phytophthora cinnamomi for control of Fraser fir root rot. Phytopathology 68 1373-1376... 

Pinkas Y, Kariv A, Katan J (1984) Soil solarization for the control of Phytophthora cinnamomi thermal and biological effects. Phytopathology 74 796 Pinkerton JN, Ivors KL, Miller ML, Moore LW (2000) Effect of soil solarization and cover crops on populations of selected soilborne plant pathogens in Western Oregon. Plant Dis 84 952-960. doi 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.9.952... 

Wood SG, Gottheb D (1978) Evidence from mycelial studies for differences in the sterol biosynthetic pathway of Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora cinnamomi. Biochem J 170 343 Nes WD et al (1986) A comparison of cycloartenol and lanosterol biosynthesis and metabolism by the Oomycetes. Expeiientia 42 556... 

Electron probe microanalysis also shows that Ca2+ is a prominent constituent of the y-particle in the zoospore of the fungus Blastocladiella emersonii201 Ca2+ also induced zoospores of the fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi to encyst, and subsequently to germinate, while other cations induced encystment only.202 There is a high Ca2+ content in Streptomyces spores, and release of Ca2+ is an early event in spore germination.203... 

Inoculation of maize roots with the non-pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi also resulted in production of papillae (Hindi and Clarke, 1980). Callose was reported as the major component of the papillae, and carbohydrates but not proteins were identified. Lignin did not appear to be... 

Hinch, J. M., and Clarke, A. E., 1980, Callose formation in Zea mays as a response to infection with Phytophthora cinnamomi, Physiol. Plant Pathol. 21 113-124. 

Cordier C., Trouvelot A., Gianinazzi S., Gianinazzi-Pearson V. Arbuscular mycorrhizal technology applied to micropropagated Prunus avium and to protection against Phytophthora cinnamomi. Agronomie 1997 17 256-265. 

Physiological and Evolutionary Level. In field and pot studies Acacia pulchella roots suppressed the soil fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi and promoted the survival of Eucalyptus marginata trees. This fungus is an important pathogen for Eucalyptus. Investigating the Acacia-Phytophthora-Eucalyptus interaction, Whitfield et al. (51) found CS2 to be a major constituent of the Acacia root volatile compounds. 

For example, zoospores of Pythium aphanidermatum and Phytophthora cinnamomi adhere primarily in the zone of root elongation (14., 15.) where terminal fucosyl... 

Figure 2. Fractionation of Phytophthora cinnamomi extracellular polymers (O) glucose equivalents (%) absorbance at 280 nm.

Of the various pharmaceuticals derived from plants, the Cinchona alkaloids are probably, by volume the largest market, with an estimated production of 300-500 metric tons a year of pure quinine (32) and quinidine (33). These alkaloids are extracted from the bark of Cinchona trees, which require about 10 years to mature before harvesting. Furthermore most of the plantations are in areas not easily accessible, often threatened by infections with Phytophthora cinnamomi. This leads to many uncertainties in planning of the production, and as a result alternative sources for the alkaloids are of interest. Various synthetic aproaches have been used (552) but are not of industrial interest. Therefore, interest in biotechnological approaches is large. Patents related to the production of quinoline alkaloids by means of plant cell cultures are summarized in Table XXVIII. 

Tippett J T, Hill T C 1984 Role of periderm in resistance of Eucalyptus marginata roots against Phytophthora cinnamomi. Eur J For Pathol 14 431-439... 

Tippett J T, Shea S R, Hill T C, Shearer B L 1983 Development of lesions caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi in the secondary phloem of Eucalyptus marginata. Aust J Bot 31 197-210... 

Zaki AI, Zentmyer GA, Pettus J, Sims JJ et al. 1980 Borbonol from Persea spp. Chemical properties and antifungal activity against Phytophthora cinnamomi. Physiol Plant Pathol 16 205-212... 

Pratt, B.H., J.H. Sedgley, W.A. Heather C.J. Shepherd. 1972. Oospore production in Phytophthora cinnamomi in the presence of Trichoderma koningiL Austr. J. Biol. Sci. 25 861-863. 

Zaki, A.I., G.A. Zentmeyer, J.J. Sims N.T. Keen. 1983. Stimulation of sexual reproduction in the A2 mating type of Phytophthora cinnamomi by oleic acid and lipids from avocado roots. Phytopathology 73 199-203. 

Biological Activity.—5-Ethoxy-3-(trichloromethyl)-l,2,4-thiadiazole controls root rot (caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi) in plants such as Chamaecyparis lawsoniana and Eucalyptus marginata. ... 

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