Treatments cognitive behavioural therapy

Epstein DH, Hawkins WE, Covi L, Umbricht A and Preston KL (2003). Cognitive behavioural therapy plus contingency management for cocaine use Findings during treatment and across 12-month follow-up. Psychology of Addictive Behavior, 17, 73-82. 

Ouimette PC, Finney JW and Moos RH (1997). Twelve-step and cognitive behavioural therapy for substance abuse A comparison of treatment effectiveness. J. Consult. Clin. Psychology, 65, 230-240. 

There have unfortunately been very few systematic examinations of treatment of benzodiazepine misuse or dependence in the illicit drug population, and knowledge on the subject has been rather static over the last decade or so. When special programmes are tried the difficulties which seem inherent in this area are still apparent, such as in the randomized controlled study of reducing benzodiazepine dosing and cognitive behavioural therapy versus standard treatment by Vorma et al. (2002). The subjects were outpatients in clinics... 

Treatment of choice - an SSRI (plus cognitive behavioural therapy). 

Health 2004) and then proceed to either cognitive behavioural therapy where resources permit or to start treatment with a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) such as fluoxetine (see below). 

Two forms of psychological treatment have been shown to be effective in the treatment of BN cognitive behavioural therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy. Both have been found to be superior to traditional psychodynamic based therapy (Hay and Bacaltchuk 2003). 

For patients with moderately severe BED, treatment with cognitive behaviour therapy combined with an antidepressant of the SSRI type is the treatment of choice, If this proves ineffective, preliminary results suggest that possible alternative drugs, including venlafaxine, sibutramine and topiramate are potentially useful. Their definitive place in the treatment of BED awaits the outcome of further research. 

Careful recording of the history of treatments and their outcomes and adverse events is cracial. Though beyond the scope of this chapter, considerahon of specific psychological therapies, such as cognitive behavioural therapy, is essenhal. 

I Psychotherapeutic interventions, particularly cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) are effective in the treatment of many children and adolescents with depressive symptoms and mild-to-moderate depressive episodes and should probably be considered first-line treatment. 

Borkovec, T. D. and Costello, E. (1993). Efficacy of applied relaxation and cognitive-behavioural therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 51 611-19. 

Kimble, M. O. et al (1999). Cognitive behavioural treatment for complicated cases of post-traumatic stress disorder. In N. Tarrier et al (eds) Treating Complex Cases The Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Approach. Chichester, UK Wiley. 

People with dementia and their carers require access to a variety of health and social care services for treatment, information and counselling, community-based support, respite care and long-term residential care. Treatment may include behavioural therapies (e.g. reality orientation, cognitive stimulation and validation therapy) or pharmacological treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. 

In this form of therapy, a range of cognitive behavioural procedures are used in a specific sequence of tasks and experiments set within the context of a personalised version of cognitive-behavioural theory of the maintenance of bulimia nervosa. Treatment is out-patient based and involves 15-20 sessions over about five months. CBT has been shown to be effective in a number of controlled clinical trials (Jones et al. 1993 Hay and Bacaltchuk 2003). It is either significantly more effective or at least as effective as any alternative form of psychotherapy (Hay and Bacaltchuk 2003). However, for some patients it is unnecessarily intensive, while for others it is not sufficient. This approach of guided self-help can be delivered solely using written materials, without any direct human involvement at all. Several studies have established the potential efficacy of... 

Chapters 6-8 discuss the assessment, formulation and treatment of stress syndromes. The standard cognitive behavioural approach to therapy (CBT) is adopted, since the evidence base for the effectiveness of CBT in treating stress syndromes is strong. It is cited as the treatment of choice for a wide range of... 

Biradar S, Joshi H, Chheda T (2014) Biochanin-A ameliorates behavioural and neurochemical derangements in cognitive-deficit mice for the betterment of Alzheimer s disease. Hum Exp Toxicol. 33 369-382. Han K, Jia N, Li J, Yang L, Min LQ (2013) Chronic caffeine treatment reverses memory impairment and the expression of brain BNDF and TrkB in the PS1/APP double transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer s disease. Mol Med Rep 8 737-740. Matsumoto K, Zhao Q, Niu Y, Fujiwara H, Tanaka K, Sasaki-Hamada S et al (2013) Kampo formulations, chotosan, and yokukan-san, for dementia therapy Existing clinical and preclinical evidence. J Pharmacol Sci 122 257-269... 

In summary, there is a wide range of treatment interventions which aim to change the dysfunctional cognitions and behaviours associated with the patterns of over-commitment, which can lead to the individual becoming burned out. However, while these standard CBT interventions have been found to be helpful when the dysfunctional beliefs and behaviours associated with bum-out are flexible and of moderate severity, they have not been found to be effective with more extreme, rigid and inflexible beliefs and behavioural patterns. Unfortunately, the patterns of over-commitment described in this section are often chronic and entrenched. Where this is the case, the use of a more in-depth schema-focused approach to therapy is recommended (as outlined in Part 3 of this book). In particular, a schema-focused model of burnout and a case study illustrating the use of schema therapy to treat burnout can be found in Chapter 15. 

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