Beliefs, dysfunctional

Why is this At least part of the reason seems to reside in the well-rehearsed belief that the family caused the problem in the first place through dysfunction and abuse. Many people with drug problems report terrible childhoods marked by parental alcohol or drug use, by neglect or physical or sexual abuse. If this is the case, what could be the possible rationale for any further involvement of the extended family ... 

Edinger JD, Wohlgemuth WK, Radtke RA, Marsh GR, Quillian RE. Does cognitive-behavioral insomnia therapy alter dysfunctional beliefs about sleep Sleep 2001 24(5) 591-599. 

Morin CM, Stone J, Trinkle D, Mercer J, Remsberg S (1993) Dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep among older adults with and without insomnia complaints. Psychol Aging 8 463-467... 

Because of the absence of clinically proven safe and effective pharmacotherapy for erectile dysfunction, psychotherapy was until recently the core treatment for most patients, except for a few cases where a surgically correctable cause could be identified. The results of psychotherapy have been disappointing (155), and often times, the goal of psychotherapy was to help men accept their sexual dysfunction rather than to correct it. The widespread belief that erection failure is primarily of psychological origin, and hence the acceptance of psychotherapy as the primary treatment, continued until the early 1980s. 

Cell surface receptors are clearly of great importance in understanding the function of the nervous system, the endocrine system, the immune system, cell proliferation, and targets for infection. The major chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, autoimmune disease, necrologic and psychiatric disorders, and endocrine dysfunction involve interactions with cell surface receptors. Understanding the structure and function of surface receptors has grown into one of the great thrusts of pharmaceutical R D, pursued in the belief it will uncover as yet unknown approaches to treatment of diseases hitherto intractable. 

In summary, there is a wide range of treatment interventions which aim to change the dysfunctional cognitions and behaviours associated with the patterns of over-commitment, which can lead to the individual becoming burned out. However, while these standard CBT interventions have been found to be helpful when the dysfunctional beliefs and behaviours associated with bum-out are flexible and of moderate severity, they have not been found to be effective with more extreme, rigid and inflexible beliefs and behavioural patterns. Unfortunately, the patterns of over-commitment described in this section are often chronic and entrenched. Where this is the case, the use of a more in-depth schema-focused approach to therapy is recommended (as outlined in Part 3 of this book). In particular, a schema-focused model of burnout and a case study illustrating the use of schema therapy to treat burnout can be found in Chapter 15. 

He also completed three standardized self-report scales before and after therapy. He initially scored 28/63 (moderate depression) on the Beck Depression Inventory and 19/63 (mild anxiety) on the Beck Anxiety. Inventory (Beck and Steer 1987). The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (Weissman 1979) aims to measure beliefs that predispose to depression (e.g. black or white thinking and perfectionism). His score of 187/240 before CBT was above the typical mean for both controls (113) and depressed individuals (147). 

His Beck Depression Inventory score fell from 28 to 13/63 (not clinically depressed) and his Beck Anxiety Inventory score from 19 to 4/63 (not anxious). His rating on the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale had dropped from 187 to 155/256, including an important shift in the belief If I do not do well all the time, people will not respect me from 7 ( totally agree ) to 3 ( agree slightly ). 

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