Twelve steps

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is a self-help organization for people whose common goal is recovery from alcoholism, and it is the most widely accessed resource for individuals with alcohol problems (McCrady and Miller 1993). The philosophy is based on the concept of alcoholism as a chronic disease that cannot be cured, but one that can be halted by means of complete abstinence. AA has described 12 principles or steps to guide those in recovery. Twelve-step facilitation, a manual-based psychotherapy to promote AA participation (Nowinski et al. 1992), was equally efficacious, compared with cognitive-behavioral and motivational enhancement therapies, in a large study of treatments for alcohol dependence (Project Match Research Group, 1997). 

Nowinski J, Baker S, Carroll K Twelve-Step Facilitation Therapy Manual A Clinical Research Guide for Therapists Treating Individuals With Alcohol Abuse and Dependence. Project MATCH Monograph Series, Vol 1 (DHHS Publ No ADM-92-1893). Rockville, MD, National Instimte on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1992... 

Ouimette PC, Finney JW and Moos RH (1997). Twelve-step and cognitive behavioural therapy for substance abuse A comparison of treatment effectiveness. J. Consult. Clin. Psychology, 65, 230-240. 

Twelve-step groups were first developed within the philosophy of the disease model for treating a drug problem. True or False ... 

Nowinski, J., Baker, S., Carroll, K. (1995). Twelve step facilitation therapy manual A clinical research guide for therapists treating individuals with alcohol abuse and dependence. In M. E. Mattson (Ed.), Project MATCH Monograph Series, 4. Bethesda, MD National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 

They transformed L-serine in seven steps to the iV-2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl-sulfonyl(SES)-protected aziridine 104. The latter reacted with the lithio-an-ion of ( )-3-phenyl-l-(phenylsulfonyl)-2-propene (105) to a diastereomeric mixture of the sulfones 106 (Scheme 27). This mixture was treated with TBAF, yielding the pyrrolidine 107 as a single diastereoisomer with 2,3-frans-2,5-czs-configuration previously observed for 5-endo-trig cyclizations of this type. In three additional steps the pyrrolidine 107 was transformed to (+)-preussin (2), with 5% yield overall and in twelve steps altogether. 

Residential programmes and relapse prevention work for cocaine misusers often represent modified forms of treatment that is applicable across all substances (Weiss et al. 2005, Vaughan McMahon 2006). Abstinence-based programmes such as twelve-step groups can contain a mix of users of various substances, and the place for this approach has not yet been usurped by any demonstrably more effective therapy, although there is currently much interest in some particular behavioural treatments. 

With the recent appearance of twelve-step programs not only for food and relationship junkies but also for those hooked on debt or on the internet, perhaps these words have lost some of their rhetorical force. Still, the caveat is well taken we should remain wary of the tendency to conflate devotion and addiction, temptation and compulsion. 

The epimers 96 (prepared in twelve steps from 95) were condensed with the gramine 94 providing the indole 97 in 73% yield as a mixture of two diatereomers. The indole 97 was converted to 98 with four steps. [Fig. (26)]... 

However, the preparation of quinuclidine derivatives starting from tribromoalkanes and dibromoalkylamines may be difficult because the starting compounds require multistage syntheses resulting in poor yields. Prelog s scheme is also less useful for the formation of quinuclidine derivatives with functional groups, e.g., quinuclidine-2-carboxylic acid (39),118 which requires twelve steps with overall yield of only 4%. In the five-step synthesis starting from y-picoline the yield is 30%.00... 

Treatment programs based on the twelve steps of Alcoholics Anonymous and that encourage attendance at Alcoholics Anonymous meetings have been the most common approach used in the United States. The first Alcoholics Anonymous group was formed in Akron, Ohio in 1935 by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith. Today there are approximately 99,000 groups in existence across America. 

Alateen is a world-wide organization for the teens who are the relatives and friends of a problem drinker. Alateen is based on the twelve steps of Alcoholics Anonymous (Al-Anon). Each Alateen group is sponsored by an active, adult member of Al-Anon. Participation is voluntary, confidential, and free of charge. Information regarding Alateen meetings is available from each local Al-Anon Chapter. 

As noted above, the basis of the Alateen program is the following twelve steps that members discuss and apply to their own lives. 

Current research has demonstrated that there are no medical treatments effective for treating amphetamine abuse. This means that other drugs cannot be substituted to assist in the weaning process. However, thousands of individuals have successfully gone through withdrawal and continue to abstain from amphetamine use despite the long and uncomfortable process. Twelve-step programs are helpful for many substance abusers in recovery. 

Twelve-step groups, one of the most popular types of self-help organizations, have been active in the United States since the founding of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) in 1935. Narcotics Anonymous (NA), a group that... 

Removing the drug from the user s system is only the first step in an ongoing process regardless of which technique is used. For an addict, the drug has become a part of his or her lifestyle. That lifestyle must change in order for that person to remain clean. Twelve-step programs such as Narcotics Anonymous have proven very helpful to many in the everyday battle to avoid relapse. 

The present synthesis of (146) requires only twelve steps from the starting material. In this synthesis purification of only four intermediates is required. The overall yield is about 15%. This is superior to the previous methods reported by van Tamalen [50,52], which involves 20-30 steps and the yield ranged from 0.3-15%. 

A sequence of allylation, epoxidation and an acid-mediated 6-exo cyclisation converts salicylaldehydes into 2-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-27/-[l]benzopyrans. A bicyclic chroman arising from attack of the hydroxymethyl group on the intermediate benzylic cation has been isolated <02SL322>. A twelve-step enantioselective synthesis of a 2-hydroxymethyl-2-methylchroman with an overall yield of 48% uses related methodology and introduces the chirality through an asymmetric Sharpless epoxidation <02JCS(P1)496>. 

The presence of an 11-methyl group in 6,7-benzomorphans has been demonstrated to enhance analgesic responses. Synthetic approaches to benzomorphans lacking a 6-alkyl substituent from pyridines usually fail as a consequence, a twelve-step 1-tetralone route was developed(19) (Scheme 4.7). 

The treatment of drug addiction has become big business. Private treatment centers charge thousands of dollars a week to get people off cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, narcotics, and tranquilizers Twelve-step programs modeled on Alcoholics Anonymous have proliferated m all cities, and special programs now exist to treat the relatives of dependent persons — Adult Children of Alcoholics and Codependents Anonymous, for example. Despite the boom in the treatment industry, the rate of addiction has only increased. 

J. Vigo-Aguiar and T. E. Simos, Family of twelve steps exponential fittingsymmetric multistep methods for the numerical solution of the Schrodinger equation, J. Math. Chem., 2002, 32(3), 257-270. 

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