Cognitive behaviour

Oude Voshaar RC, Gorgels WJ, Mol AJ, et al Tapering off long-term benzodiazepine use with or without group cognitive-behavioural therapy three-condition, randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 182 498-304, 2003 Parry HJ, Balter MB, Mellinger GD, et al National patterns of psychotherapeutic drug use. Arch Gen Psychiatry 28 18-74, 1973... 

O Neill K, Baker A, Cooke M, et al Evaluation of a cognitive-behavioural intervention for pregnant injecting drug users at risk for HIV infection. Addiction 91 1115— 1125, 1996... 

Muggleton, N.G., Smith, A.J., and Scott, E.A.M. et al. (2005). A long term study of the effects of diazinon on steep, the electrocorticogram and cognitive behaviour in common marmosets. Journal of Psychopharmacology 19, 455 66. 

The nice thing about the neural-plasticity hypothesis is that it seems to explain so much. In fact, it is a better explanation of the effects of psychotherapy than of drugs. If recovery from depression depends on learning new ways of thinking, then psychotherapy - and especially cognitive behavioural psychotherapy - ought to be effective, and indeed it is, as we shall see in Chapter 7. The... 

In 1976, Aaron Beck, a psychiatrist at the University of Pennsylvania, proposed a cognitive theory of emotions and emotional disorders - a theory that was to become the foundation for cognitive behavioural therapy for depression. According to Beck, fear is produced by the anticipation of harm, joy by the expectancy of positive events, and sadness by the sense that something important has for ever been lost. As a consequence, overcoming fear and depression requires changing the beliefs that have produced them. 

Epstein DH, Hawkins WE, Covi L, Umbricht A and Preston KL (2003). Cognitive behavioural therapy plus contingency management for cocaine use Findings during treatment and across 12-month follow-up. Psychology of Addictive Behavior, 17, 73-82. 

Morgenstern J and Longabaugh R (2000). Cognitive behavioural treatment for alcohol dependence A review of evidence for its hypothesized mechanisms of action. Addiction, 95, 1475-1490. 

Ouimette PC, Finney JW and Moos RH (1997). Twelve-step and cognitive behavioural therapy for substance abuse A comparison of treatment effectiveness. J. Consult. Clin. Psychology, 65, 230-240. 

Remove the psychological factors that may have precipitated and maintained the disease. This may be as simple as establishing better relationships with family members or may require prolonged cognitive behavioural therapy. 

Loerch, B., Graf-Morgenstern, M., Hautzinger, M., Schlegel, S., Hain, C., Sandmann, J., and Benkert, O. (1999) Randomised placebo-controlled trial of moclobemide, cognitive-behavioural therapy and their combination in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Br J Psychiatry 174 205-212. 

It is indicated in cognitive, behavioural and somatic symptoms associated with cerebral decay, parkinson s disease, memory disorders, apathy, asthenia, anorexia, dizziness and tinnitus. 

There have unfortunately been very few systematic examinations of treatment of benzodiazepine misuse or dependence in the illicit drug population, and knowledge on the subject has been rather static over the last decade or so. When special programmes are tried the difficulties which seem inherent in this area are still apparent, such as in the randomized controlled study of reducing benzodiazepine dosing and cognitive behavioural therapy versus standard treatment by Vorma et al. (2002). The subjects were outpatients in clinics... 

Typically includes elements of cognitive-behavioural therapy, e.g. in dealing with cravings and trigger situations, and motivational interviewing... 

Baker A, Lee NK, Claire M, Lewin TJ, Grant T, Pohlman S, Saunders JB, Kay-Lambkin F, Constable P, Jenner L Carr VJ (2005). Brief cognitive behavioural interventions for regular amphetamine users a step in the right direction. Addiction, 100, 367-78 Ball AL (2007). HIV, injecting drug use and harm reduction a public health response. Addiction, 102, 684-90... 

Rawson RA, McCann MJ, Flammino F, Shoptaw S, Mitto K, Reiber C Ling W (2006). A comparison of contingency management and cognitive-behavioural approaches for stimulant-dependent individuals. Addiction 101, 267-74... 

Kuipers E, Fowler D, Garety D, et ai. London-East Anglia randomised controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 1998 173 61-68. 

These ways of challenging attitudes that maintain addictive behaviours may also be used for challenging attitudes that maintain depression. As depression itself can complicate and serve to maintain an addiction, it is suggested that the reader refer to another text for a detailed description of a cognitive-behavioural approach to depression (Scott 1989). 

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