Social care services

People with dementia and their carers require access to a variety of health and social care services for treatment, information and counselling, community-based support, respite care and long-term residential care. Treatment may include behavioural therapies (e.g. reality orientation, cognitive stimulation and validation therapy) or pharmacological treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. 

Interventions to encourage inclusion in society and work opportunities femily law may help protect widows, divorcees, and orphans social care services... 

The huge needs and limited resources of very low-income countries mean that a severe triage of objectives and detailed attention to implementation are called for. Safety nets in these countries should, and usually do, focus on supplementing the incomes of the poorest to prevent irreversible losses of human capital or livelihoods. Even these will focus on a subset of the poorest, not everyone below the poverty line. Programs for covariate shocks may be funded intermittently, almost always by donors. Programs to address idiosyncratic shocks and social care services are usually not well developed or funded, and the informal sector tends to provide whatever support is available. 

Ofsted (2005a) Anniml Performance Assessment of [name withheld] Education And Children s Social Care Services. London Ofsted. 

Netten A, Curtis L (2000). Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 1999. Canterbury Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent. 

Economic studies should consider the costs of all the resources and services used in the process of care. In addition, the outcomes that are a consequence of the health or social care interventions evaluated need to be included. For dementia, these include the costs of hospital inpatient and out-patient care, primary and community-based health-care services, social welfare services, and care provided by voluntary agencies or by femily and friends. Ideally, a broad perspective reflecting the costs and outcomes to society should be adopted. As a minimum, the perspective of the analysis should include the costs and outcomes to key health and social care providers or funders and to patients and their families. 

To be useful to those concerned with choices in the allocation of health and social care resources, the data for economic evaluations need to be timely, relevant, credible and accurate (Davies, 1998). As a minimum, the costs associated with the interventions should be estimated from activity data, which quantify resources used, and price or unit cost data. Often evidence from well-controlled prospective trials with high internal validity is required to establish whether differences in economic end points are directly attributable to the interventions. However, the economic evaluations of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors estimated costs from retrospective analysis of available datasets Qonsson et al, 1999b), analysis of published literature (e.g. Stewart et al, 1998) and expert opinion (e.g. O Brien et al, 1999 Neumann et al, 1999). This means that it is not clear whether differences in costs were due to the anticholinesterase inhibitors or to other factors such as availability of services in different areas, the living situation of the patient, or disease severity. 

It seems likely that in the future we will need to tackle health problems from an angle that has more in common with the idea of a social insurance system. System for a better interlocking of ultimate objectives and health care services between public and private actors, and between different public actors, all politically legitimated throughout the territory, and for their better coordination, crucial for the success of ary health policy. Insurance because of the inescapable nature of the idea of specifying levels of health care coverage and... 

Health care services included outpatient visits to physician, psychologist, social worker, sleep specialist, and mental health organization, as well as inpatient care and nursing-home care (when the primary reason for placement was the elders sleep disturbance). The total health care services for 1995 were estimated... 

Social/personal services—restaurants, health care... 

All advanced industrialized nations except the U.S. have a system of universal health care coverage. The coverage is a form of social insurance that assures that all citizens have access to health care services and are protected from financial devastation as a result of illness or injury. Under these systems, the national government assures that its citizens have health care coverage. Beyond assuring that all citizens are covered, rmiversal health care takes a different form in each country. There is wide variation in the forms of financing, administering, and delivery of health care. 

The floods that accompany a tsunami result in potential health risks from contaminated water and food supplies. Loss of shelter leaves people vulnerable to exposure to insects, heat, and other environmental hazards. Further, the lack of medical care may result in exacerbations of chronic disease. Tsunamis have long-lasting effects and recovery necessitates long-term surveillance of infectious and water- or insect-transmitted diseases, an infusion of medical supplies and medical personnel, and the provision of mental health and social support services. 

There are three sectors in the Mexican health care system public, social security, and private. The public sector is primarily directed and operated by the Secretariat of Health. The public sector of health services is under the Secretariat of Health and is coordinated by over 200 health districts. The Federal District Department provides health care services to some 3.2 million people in Mexico City. The Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) Solidarity program covers another 10 million people in rural areas. 

A national health care system reflects the social, political, economic, and cultural character of a nation. A nation s historical roots and dominant values shape policies and directions for the organization, quality, financing, and access to health care services. These factors determine who gets what kind of care—at which locations, for what price, and paid by whom. 

This range of social values from libertarianism to egalitarianism holds differing beliefs about equality, justice, opportunity, rights, and the functional responsibilities of government. When this spectrum of social values is held over health, health care, and the administration and financing of health care services, it is not... 

The increased utilization of health care services by the elderly is expected to put additional strains on an already besieged health care system. Increasing the life span, either through preventive measures or through other acts of distributive justice, solves some problems while creating others. This astounding paradox will assuredly complicate the political and social processes of decision making. Equally likely will be the burdens these phenomena add to an already overburdened national economy. 

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