Transcutaneous

Placement of vascular access ports is similar to that of a long-term indwelling arterial catheter. A small incision is made over the selected vein and a second incision is made lower in the anterior chest to create a pocket to house the port. The catheter is tuimeled subcutaneously from its entry point into the vein with the tip inside the right atrium. The final position of the catheter is verified by fluoroscopy, secured with sutures, and the subcutaneous pocket is closed. The port septum is easily palpable transcutaneously, and the system may be used immediately. A surgeon typically inserts the vascular access port in an outpatient setting. 

Skarke C, Darimont J, Schmidt H, et al Analgesic effects of morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide in a transcutaneous electrical pain model in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 73 107—121, 2003... 

Applications feasible in the near term will most likely involve transcutaneous access to tissue-based glucose and reliance on O2 from tissue or ambient air, involving little or no surgical intervention. These are likely to be disposable, low power devices with lifetimes of one week or less. 

I exercise, and following a low-fat vegetarian diet all have been shown to reduce the intensity of the dysmenorrhea.17,28 Dietary changes also may shorten the duration of dysmenorrhea. These interventions require little time and minimal cost and are associated with little risk. Other nonpharmacologic options that may be considered before or, in most cases, after a trial of pharmacologic interventions include the use of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS), acupressure, and acupuncture.17... 

Rat transcutaneous electrical resistance (TER) skin corrosivity test EU, US... 

Venturini AP, Bertoli D, Marchi E Transcutaneous absorption of a topical rifamycin preparation Rifaximin (L/105). Drugs Exp Clin Res 1987 13 231-232. 

Rifaximin is broad-spectrum antibiotic, which covers many skin pathogens, whose lack of transcutaneous absorption has been well documented by both animal [8] and human [9] studies. On these grounds, a topical formulation (i.e. cream) containing 5% of the active compound was developed and tested in the treatment of pyogenic skin infections. Some open trials [20, 21] showed the efficacy and safety of the formulation and pointed out the lack of selection of resistant strains after topical application of rifaximin. In any event, drug delivery from the topical formulation is orders of magnitude higher than the... 

In axonal neuropathies, the velocity of action potential propagation in surviving axons is well maintained but the number of axons capable of conducting action potentials is diminished. Transcutaneous nerve stimulation and recording, the method routinely used for studying nerve conduction in the clinic, does not permit evaluation of the function of autonomic or unmyelinated sensory axons. These smaller, slow-conducting axons can be analyzed, in research studies, by intraneural recording with needle electrodes. 

Transcutaneous catheter ablation using radioffequency current on the PSVT substrate should be considered in any patient who would have... 

Treatment of PEA is similar to treatment of asystole. Both conditions require CPR, airway control, and IV access. DefibriUation should be avoided in asystole because the resulting parasympathetic discharge can reduce the chance of ROSC and worsen the chance of survival. If available, transcutaneous pacing can be attempted. 

Engel RR, Delpy DT, Parker D. 1979. The effect of topical potassium cyanide on transcutaneous gas measurements. Birth Defects 15 117-121. 

Chemicals can get into the body in three basic ways by breathing them in (inhalation), by swallowing them (ingestion), and by absorbing them through the skin (transcutaneous absorption). Let s look at each of these in turn. 

An electrical stimulus of sufficient current magnitude to depolarize all nerve fibres within a given nerve bundle. Commonly quoted as > 60 mA for transcutaneous nerve stimulation. 

To test the irritancy potential of substances, two tests which can reliably distinguish between skin corrosives and noncorrosives are endorsed by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM). The testing procedures are based on the transcutaneous electrical resistance (TER) measurements of rat skin and on a human skin model. Both test systems [141-145] will be briefly outlined below. Nevertheless, these tests are not suited for the group of mild irritants which do not induce an acute effect on the barrier function. For those substances, new markers need to be evaluated. First results are available for heat shock protein 27 where higher levels were observed in skin models after exposure to mildly irritating chemicals [146, 147]. 

OECD. Test guideline 430 In Vitro Skin Corrosion Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance, OECD, Paris, 2004. 

ECVAM. News and Views. Statement on the scientific validity of the rat skin transcutaneous electrical resistance (TER) test (an in vitro test for skin corrosivity). ATLA 26 275-280 (1998). 

A well-designed series of AA-disubstituted 2-aminoethyl and 3-amino-propyl esters of indomethacin (8.9, R = OH) was examined for its chemical and enzymatic (human plasma) rates of hydrolysis [40]. The 3-(diethylami-no)propyl ester had a transcutaneous permeability coefficient ca. 100-times... 

Ghoreishi M. Dutz JP Tolerance induction by transcutaneous immunization through ultraviolet-irradiated skin is transferable through CD44-CD254- T regulatory cells and is dependent on host-derived IL-10. J Immunol 2006 176 2635-2644. 

Baca-Estrada, M. E., et al.. Effects of lL-12 on immune responses induced by transcutaneous immunization with antigens formulated in a novel lipid-based biphasic delivery system. Vaccine, 18, 1847-54, 2000. 

Diminished evaporation of water results in warming of the occluded skin area. Hydrophilic agents wash off easily and do not impede transcutaneous output of water. Evaporation of water is felt as a cooUng effect. 

Scopolamine is effective in the prophylaxis of kinetosis (motion sickness, sea sickness, see p. 330) it is well absorbed transcutaneously. Scopolamine (plblood-brain barrier faster than does atropine (pKa = 9), because at physiologic pH a larger proportion is present in the neutral, membrane-permeant form. 

ICCVAM has validated three tests for dermal corrosion, including Corrositex , EPISKIN / EpiDerm, and Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance (TER). 

Two in vitro tests for the assessment of skin corrosion, the Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance [TER] Assay (TG 430) and the human Skin Model Test (TG 431) (Section... 

In vitro skin corrosion Transcutaneous electrical resistance test (TER)... 

The OECD and EU have developed specific test guidelines for in vitro/ex vivo testing of skin corrosion, the Transcutaneous Electrical Tesistance (TER) Test and the Human Skin Model Test (see Table 4.7). In fact, the EU Annex V, B.40 test guideline includes the two adopted OECD in vitro tests for skin corrosion (TG 430 and 431). OECD has also developed a third test guideline for skin corrosion, the In Vitro Membrane Barrier Test this test guideline has not yet been adopted. 

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance Test Guideline... 

Ohi G, Wegman DH Transcutaneous ethylene glycol monomethyl ether poisoning in the work setting, jf Occup Med 20 675-676, 1978... 

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