Trade name product issue

Siace 1980 over 1000 patents have been issued for drilling fluid systems and materials ia the United States alone. A 1994 listing of products from 117 supphers offers ca 3000 trade names (6). This array of trade name products actually represents less than 100 separate chemical types that may be purchased iadividuaHy or as a blend. Moreover, some of these materials are for completion and workover fluids. These differ from drilling fluids ia that completion fluids are used after the well has been drilled and prior to the initia tion of production whereas workover fluids are used duting remedial work on older wells. 

A weekly publication of McGraw-Hill. This excellent pubheation concentrates on the news and business aspects of the chemical industry. It periodically has excellent marketing and sales studies for various products. It also publishes annually a plant-site-selection issue and a Buyers Guide. The Buyers Guide lists the major producers and the source of supply for over 6,000 chemical products, and has a list of chemical trade names. It publishes, quarterly, the current financial condition of 300 companies involved in chemical processing. 

A vast number of polymer compounds are available commercially. Generally they are known by their polymer type in full or abbreviated (e.g., acrylic, polyvinyl chloride or PVC, high density polyethylene or HDPE), and frequently by a manufacturer s trade name. There is little standardisation into classes based on chemical composition or physical performance, as there is for metals. In reality, a particular chemical composition does not fully define the physical properties, while each class of performance properties can be met by a range of competing polymer types. The current trend is towards further diversification polymer compounds are increasingly being tailored to a particular application. Only in industries where recycling is an issue is there pressure for a more limited number of polymers, which can be identified and separated at the end of product life. 

Zealand, was established in 1983 and is the trading name of the New Zealand Biological Producers and Consumers Council Inc. Bio-Gro services organic production systems and its key functions include setting of standards, inspection and certification, promotion of the Bio-Gro trademark and promotion of research and development. To better service the massive growth experienced in the last 2 years, Bio-Gro recently subcontracted inspection services to SGS International. This has necessitated a steep rise in fees for licensees. In 1999 Bio-Gro gained IFOAM certification which has helped facilitate market access into Europe though there are still some issues to be resolved (see section 13.2.5). 

Cefadroxil (also sometimes spelled cephadroxil), an antibiotic originally developed by Bristol-Myers (BM) and marketed under the trade names Ultracef and Duricef, had combined sales in the US of 100 million in 1988. A crystalline monohydrate (apparently discovered serendipitously), claimed in U.S. Patent No. 4,504,657 (the 657 patent) issued in March 1985, is described in the patent in terms of its X-ray diffraction pattern (Fig. 10.2). The improvement of this substance over the earlier known material included greater stability and high bulk density, properties which enabled the production of smaller pills. 

Koppers Company produced SMA-type molding powders under the trade name of Dylark but this business was acquired by Arco which continues to produce these SMA type products. Monsanto has extended the SMA terpolymer investigation to Include random copolymers and alternating copolymers in which the copolymers with SMA are acrylonitrile, ethyl acrylate, Isobutylene, methyl acrylate, and methyl methacrylate (20). These terpolymers (S/MA/X) and rubber modified Cadon have created an entire new family of engineering polymers (21). New patents have been issued for both glassy terpolymers and rubber modified S/MA/AN (22, 23). As might be expected, the incompatable blends are characterized by two glass transition temperatures (Tg) (24). 

An incredibly important issue in polymer chemistry is processing, the manner in which the crude polymer product is transformed into the final material used in applications. This is a topic best reserved for a chemical engineering textbook, but it should not be dismissed here, either. As an example, poly(ethylene terephthalate), which is considered the workhorse of the polyester industry, is used as both a fiber and a plaster under the trade names of Dacron and Mylar, respectively (look ahead to Figure 13.15 to see the structures). The processing procedure leads to the different properties and the ultimate applications. 

Measurements over the last several decades have indicated a rapid decrease of stratospheric ozone. This decrease has been most drastic over Antarctica, where the ozone layer is now almost completely absent (Figure 11.17). Stratospheric ozone over the rest of the planet has decreased at a rate of about 6% each year. Each year, we are exposed to increasing levels of harmful UV radiation that are linked with skin cancer and other health issues. While many factors contribute to ozone depletion, it is believed that the main culprits are compounds called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs are compounds containing only carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. In the past they were heavily used for a wide variety of commercial applications, including as refrigerants, propellants, in the production of foam insulation, as fire-flghting materials, and many other useful applications. They were sold under the trade name Freons. ... 

The Joint UNEP/FAO Interim Secretariat for the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade publishes PIC circulars every six months, containing notifications received from national authorities on the final regulatory action to ban or severely restrict a chemical. The current ninth issue of the List contains data taken from PIC circulars issued between December 2001 and June 2003. It includes information on nine new products, together with updated and/or new information on 47 existing products. In view of the small number of new products, no commercial information on trade/brand names was included in the ninth issue. 

Second, poverty alleviation is also linked with world trade. Economic and political considerations are not always conducive to fair trade. Such distortions of global carbon flows, as commodities, need redress. Moreover, it would behoove developed nations to reduce their appetites for exotic but wasteful products of agriculture and horticulture. The issue is complex but the question must be asked Why do Ecuador and Colombia, to name but two nations, grow flowers for export to Eiuope and North America when a substantial proportion of their populations rely on Food Aid Flowers, attractive as they are, provide no calories they are decorative carbon which requires soil, water, simshine, labour and crop protection chemicals and fertilizers to produce. Another case in point is tobacco which does much more harm than good, not to mention poppy and other narcotic-producing crops. If there were no markets for such commodities no one would grow them and valuable resources would not be wasted. Poverty is also linked with food production and the likelihood of 12 x 10 people to... 

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