Carbon global

Because of their often high biological productivity and low rates of decomposition under anoxia, wetlands are one of the largest terrestrial sinks for carbon. They account for about a third of the soil carbon globally (Table 1.4). However there are large differences between wetland types. Organic wetland soils tend... 

Aumont O., Orr J. C., Monfray P., Ludwig W., Amiotte-Suchet P., and Probst J.-L. (2001) Riverine-driven interhemispheric transport of carbon. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 393-405. 

Hansell, D.A. and C. A. Carlson (1998) Net community production of dissolved organic carbon. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 12, 443-53. 

Raupach, M. R. (1998). Influences of local feedbacks on land-air exchanges of energy and carbon. Global Change Biol. 4,477-494. 

The current estimate of annual growth for the zinc-carbon global market, through the year 2007, continues to be -i-5% per year. The expected decline in the zinc-carbon battery market was only realized in the United States with a relatively constant -2% to -5% decline in sales volume per year. This is expected to continue. Asia, emerging third world and Eastern European markets drove the global demand for the inexpensive zinc-carbon battery system. As an example, 80% of all primary batteries presently sold in Eastern and Central Europe are zinc-carbon types. Even in the United States, this system still shows substantial usage with total U.S. stdes in 1998 of 370 million dollars. " ... 

The increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (even if its overall amount is only 0.035%) affects our global climate, although other... 

Distribution of Carbon. Estimation of the amount of biomass carbon on the earth s surface is a problem in global statistical analysis. Although reasonable projections have been made using the best available data, maps, surveys, and a host of assumptions, the vaHdity of the results is impossible to support with hard data because of the nature of the problem. Nevertheless, such analyses must be performed to assess the feasibiHty of biomass energy systems and the gross types of biomass available for energy appHcations. 

Perhaps the biggest environmental challenge for ironmaking processes into the twenty-first century involves responding to the concerns about global warming. Ironmaking processes require the use of carbon-based reductants, and ultimately result in the emission of carbon dioxide. 

Fig. 1. Global distribution of seabed mineral deposits, where x represents chromite + barite titanium, zirconium, hafnium, and thorium tin I gold, platinum, and silver 3 sand and gravel shell, calcium carbonate gems marine polymetaUic sulfides phosphorites Cl cobalt cmsts S sulfur and B...

Polycarbonates are prepared commercially by two processes Schotten-Baumaim reaction of phosgene (qv) and an aromatic diol in an amine-cataly2ed interfacial condensation reaction or via base-cataly2ed transesterification of a bisphenol with a monomeric carbonate. Important products are also based on polycarbonate in blends with other materials, copolymers, branched resins, flame-retardant compositions, foams (qv), and other materials (see Flame retardants). Polycarbonate is produced globally by several companies. Total manufacture is over 1 million tons aimuaHy. Polycarbonate is also the object of academic research studies, owing to its widespread utiUty and unusual properties. Interest in polycarbonates has steadily increased since 1984. Over 4500 pubflcations and over 9000 patents have appeared on polycarbonate. Japan has issued 5654 polycarbonate patents since 1984 Europe, 1348 United States, 777 Germany, 623 France, 30 and other countries, 231. 

Carbon. Most of the Earth s supply of carbon is stored in carbonate rocks in the Hthosphere. Normally the circulation rate for Hthospheric carbon is slow compared with that of carbon between the atmosphere and biosphere. The carbon cycle has received much attention in recent years as a result of research into the possible relation between increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, most of which is produced by combustion of fossil fuel, and the "greenhouse effect," or global warming. Extensive research has been done on the rate at which carbon dioxide might be converted to cellulose and other photosyntheticaHy produced organic compounds by various forms of natural and cultivated plants. Estimates also have been made of the rate at which carbon dioxide is released to soil under optimum conditions by various kinds of plant cover, such as temperature-zone deciduous forests, cultivated farm crops, prairie grassland, and desert vegetation. 

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