Industrial production media

Media used for laboratory studies of exopolysaccharide production may vary considerably from industrial production media. In laboratory studies pure substrates such as glucose, sucrose and glycerol, can be used to determine exopolysaccharide yields. In industrial production the main factors that influence the decision as to which substrate to use are ... 

Industrial production media must also contain sources of potassium, phosphorous and magnesium. Trace elements may also have to be added. The water used for medium preparation will be from the public water supply or other readily available source. The quality of the water is carefully monitored because the presence of certain metal salts, for example, calcium, copper and iron, can have adverse effects on both the growth of the oiganism and the rheological properties of the exopolysaccharides. 

For the industrial production of riboflavin as pharmaceuticals, the traditional methodology comprising the dkect condensation of (13) with (14) in an acidic medium with continuous optimisation of the reaction conditions is stiU used (28). A great part of riboflavin manufactured by fermentative methods is used for feeds in the form of concentrates. The present world demand of riboflavin may be about 2500 t per year. Of this amount, 60%, 25%, and 15% are used for feeds, pharmaceuticals, and foodstuffs, respectively. The main producers are Hoffmann-La Roche, BASF, Merck Co., and others. 

Another tissue - fat - can store certain organic chemicals that are highly soluble in this medium. Certain pesticides such as DDT and industrial products such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) readily dissolve in body fat and can stay there for long periods of time. Most people have measurable amounts of these two once widely used chemicals, and several more as well, in their fat stores. 

In Section 2, factors that could lead to particle assembly and secretion into the supernatant were discussed. At this point a deeper analysis of the factors affecting cell infection will be made. Optimisation of the production process should take into account virus-cell interactions, and more specifically viral attachment and internalisation into the cell. The impact of chemical modifications of the medium in baculovirus attachment-internalisation has not been carefully studied. It is widely known for example, that serum increases the infec-tivity of baculovirus. These reviewers have had one case where we were only able to succeed in infecting Sf9 cells adapted to growth in serum-free media [52], with a baculovirus produced by Sf9 cells (not adapted to grow in serum-free media), after adding serum to the culture (authors unpublished observations). However, since serum is not desirable for use in industrial production, its utilisation should be avoided as much as possible. 

The desire for a sustainable development in chemistry lays the foundation for environmentally benign processes. From the view point of organic chemistry, the construction of carbon skeletons plays the pivotal role. The extraordinarily mild reaction conditions in addition to the non-toxic and non-bumable properties and ubiquitous availability of water as the reaction medium make enzyme-catalyzed C-C-bond formation the first choice even for industrial production. Thanks to subtle selectivity features of the corresponding enzymes a rather broad range in substrate specificity meets with a highly conserved stereospecificity at the newly connected carbon centers. In addition, these features and the availability of the respective biocatalysts are open to intervention by recombinant genetechnological techniques. 

PEG proves to be an efficient reaction medium for the reaction of vicinal halohydrin with carbon dioxide in the presence of a base to synthesize cyclic carbonates (Scheme 5.9) [42], Notably, PEG400 (MW = 400) as an environmentally friendly solvent exhibits a unique influence on reactivity compared with conventional organic solvents. Various cyclic carbonates can be prepared in high yield employing this protocol. The process presented here has potential applications in the industrial production of cyclic carbonates because of its simplicity, cost benefits, ready availability of starting materials, and mild reaction conditions. 

Nonpigmented mutants of P. chrysogenum, for example, Wisconsin 49-133 derivatives, are universally employed in the industrial process. The desired culture is propagated from a laboratory stock in small flasks and transferred to seed tanks. A typical production medium is as shown below. 

Substance A Regulatory action indicator Medium threshold carcinogen and irritant some evidence genotoxicity Medium commonly used as a solvent for cleaning industrial equipment in all manufacturing sectors not contained in consumer products or professional products Medium evidence that the chemical can be commonly detected in environmental media, organisms or humans not persistent or bioaccumuladve substance has low substitute availability... 

Krebs cycle and the constituents of respiratory chains are repressed (Gancedo 1992 Polakis et al. 1965 Barnett and Entian 2005). Therefore, under wine fermentation conditions, Saccharomyces cerevisiae can only ferment sugars. Saccharomyces cerevisiae can only use respiration when the sugar concentration is really low and when oxygen is present in the medium. These conditions are used for the industrial production of selected dry yeast. 

The time course of alkaloid production were also examined with different concentrations of lAA (0.5 mg/1), 4-Cl-IAA (0.1 mg/1) and 5,6-Cl2-IAA (0.01 mg/1) (Fig. 4). The alkaloid yield in roots cultured with 4-Cl-IAA and 5,6-Cl2-IAA increased more rapidly than those with lAA after two weeks of culture. Scopolamine was also detected in the culture medium, especially after four to five weeks, and its yield increased significantly in the presence of 4-Cl-IAA and 5,6-Cl2-IAA as compared to lAA. A continual recovery of useful secondary metabolites from a culture medium might be important for the industrial production. These results indicate that lAA derivatives (4-Cl-lAA and 5,6-Cl2-IAA) may be applied to the industrial production of scopolamine in cultures. 

Roller bottle reactors have been widely used in the past and can generate cell densities upto 5.4 x 10 cells/ml.However, roller bottles are difficult to scale up and cannot meet the growing demand for therapeutic recombinant proteins. Their popularity is on the decline and are largely replaced by microcarriers, and stirred-tank or airlift bioreactors in process scale-up. Initially, industrial production of EPO by CHO cells is carried out in hundreds of roller bottles in incubation rooms equipped with robots for medium changes and product harvesting. The newer production plant for second-generation EPO employs state-of-the-art bioreactors and has three times the production capacity of the old EPO plant. 

As discussed later regarding the role of multiphase operations for homogeneous catalysis, research has been focused mainly on the issue of recyclability of homogeneous catalysts. Relevant progress has been made in this aspect, but the other problem, which could be indicated as intensification of homogeneous catalysis processes, is the issue that should be solved, at least for medium-large scale industrial productions. 

Though elegant, biological oxidations occur within the cell in micromolar quantities in aqueous medium. They are too complex and totally unsuited for large-scale industrial productions. 

We consider that the production of the C3 chiral unit is relatively easy, because a simple synthetic medium can be used. However, we had to reduce the reaction time in order to decrease the production cost, and establish a stable and reliable reaction for the industrial production. Generally, the fermentation process is like a black box making reliable production difficult, but on the other hand, failures should not occur in industrial production. This means that the fermentation reaction must be well known and a control system established. As for the C3 chiral units production, this is a reaction in which either optical isomer is converted by a microorganism. In as far as it multiplies, the microorganism itself acts like a catalyst. As for the status of the reaction, the cell multiplication, and the phase of the fermentation are not constant but vary over time. The cells as catalysts are formed and multiplied by consuming oxygen, DCP or CPD, ammonium sulfate and a trace of inorganic substance. 

This connection can be clearly visualized by a special model experiment (see Fig. 6.10) 12 molecules can be counted before applying pressure, only 11 molecules afterwards [13]. For economic reasons, industry uses medium temperatures of 450°C and pressures of around 300 bar yields of approximately 40% volume of ammonia are large enough to continuously remove the ammonia from equilibrium thereby optimizing the production process. 

---