Toxicological characterization

WR Gillespie, LL Cheung, HJ Kim, JV Bruckner, JM Gallo. Application of system analysis to toxicology Characterization of carbon tetrachloride oral absorption ki-... 

Toxicological Characterization of Waste-Related Products Using Alternative Methods ... 

In this chapter three case studies are introduced as examples of the application of alternative methods for the toxicological characterization of waste-related products. 

Summarizing, this first example of toxicological characterization of waste-related products using alternative methods clearly suggests that ... 

Braun AG, Busby WF, Liber HL, et al. 1987. Chemical and toxicological characterization of residential oil burner emissions 2. Mutagenic, tumorigenic, and potential teratogenic activity. Environ Health Perspect 73 235-246. 

Leary J, Biemann K, Braun A, et al. 1984. Chemical and toxicologic characterization of No. 2 fuel oil and its combustion products at different smoke numbers. American Chemical Society (ACS), 187th National Meeting 8-13 Apr 1984 St. Louis, MO. 

The chemical and toxicologic characterization of the electrophilic nature of the reactive acetaminophen metabolite has led to the development of effective antidotes—cysteamine and /V-acetylcysteine. Administration of /V-acetylcysteine (the safer... 

T HE HIGH COMPLEXITY AND DILUTED FORM in which organic compounds occur in natural and drinking waters require that isolation, concentration, and fractionation procedures be employed to achieve a suitable sample for chemical and toxicological characterization. The use of these methods in analytical schemes has thus far allowed the identification of several hundred trace organic substances in drinking water... 

Chemical and biological analyses of trace organic mixtures in aqueous environmental samples typically require that some type of isolation-concentration method be used prior to testing these residues the inclusion of bioassay in a testing scheme often dictates that large sample volumes (20-500 L) be processed. Discrete chemical analysis only requires demonstration that the isolation technique yields the desired compounds with known precision. However, chemical and/or toxicological characterization of the chemical continuum of molecular properties represented by the unknown mixtures of organics in environmental samples adds an extra dimension of the ideal isolation technique ... 

Risk characterization is a combination of two components (1) a toxicological characterization of each pesticide having a common mechanism for the given toxicity endpoint and exposure duration, and (2) the exposure characterization for a specified population. Exposure characterization is illustrated in the case study and is also discussed later in this chapter. The methodology for combining the exposure characterization with the toxicological information to form the dose and risk characterizations is discussed in the remainder of this section. 

The toxicological characterizations (EDio, BMD, TEF and TED), the calculation of the doses from exposures, and the risk characterization (Total MOE) are illustrated in the case study that follows. 

Although toxicological characterization in terms of mean acute lethal doses for different species is available for all nerve agents, detailed and extensive toxicokinetic data are rare in the literature for most of them with the exception of soman and sarin (Benschop and de Jong, 2001). For VX and in particular GF only a very limited extent of data is obtainable (Reiter et al, 2007 Van der Schans et al, 2003). 

Babin, M.M., P. Garcia, C. Fernandez, C. Alonso, G. Carbonell and J.V. Tarazona. Toxicological characterization of sludge from sewage treatment plants using toxicity identification evaluation protocols based on in vitro toxicity tests. Toxicol. In Vitro 15 519—524, 2001. 

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