Essential toxicological property

Some studies describe interactions of inorganic tin and organotin compounds with other chemicals which either increase or decrease the toxicological properties of the tin compounds. Iron and copper lessen the effects of growth depression and decreased hemoglobin seen in rats fed stannous chloride at high doses for 4-13 weeks (DeGroot 1973). Tin also interacts with other essential metals. In bioavailability studies in humans, zinc uptake was decreased when tin, iron, and zinc were administered in equal doses (Solomon et al. 1983). 

Effects of Cadmium tCdi its chemical similarity to zinc (an essential micronutrient for animals, plants and humans) leads to its toxicological properties. Cd once absorbed by an organism remains stocked for many decades. This bio-persistence generates lung diseases, bone defects, renal dysfunction, increases blood pressure etc. 

When one is designing experiments to test the nutritional and toxicological properties of vegetable oils, each fatty acid should be examined by itself. However, such studies would be too costly and furthermore complicate the issue since some fatty acids would be poorly absorbed and others would promote essential fatty acid deficiency. Therefore, it seems appropriate to consider cardiac lipid changes in animals fed diets which contain different vegetable oils or fats that in fact possess a characteristic fatty acid composition (Table I). A knowledge of the differences in cardiac lipids with different dietary fats and with different animal species may help us to understand the causes of this cardiopathological condition. 

Perilla frutescens can be class ed in several chemotypes as well according to the main mono-terpene components perillaldehyde, elsholtzia ketone, or perilla ketones and on the other side phenylpropanoid types containing myristicin, dillapiole, or elemicin (Koezuka et al., 1986). A comprehensive presentation on the chemotypes and the inheritance of the mentioned compounds was given by this author in Hay and Waterman (1993). In the referred last two examples, not only the sensorial but also the toxicological properties of the essential oil compounds are decisive for the (further) commercial use of the respective species biodiversity. 

There are numerous epidemiological studies reported by various industry sectors, as well as a library of electronic data bases available providing information on toxicological properties, chemical subility and fire safety. These are essential references that should be consulted if the basic information required caimot be obtained from this handbook. In all cases, the reader needs to determine how best to access the required information in an expedient manner. On any one chemical, a separate and extensive treatise can be (and probably has been) compiled, but it is particularly true when responding to a hazard materials incident, that only the most crucial and pertinent data is needed in order to formulate a safe and effective initial response. An attempt to organize safety information based on risk category (i.e., fire hazard, chemical stability, and health risk) has been made in the handbook hence the user... 

In order to run these models, it is necessary to have input data, mainly physicochemical properties and toxicological data (for both human and ecosystems), which can be extracted from different information sources. The source selection is essential to obtain data of high quality. In some cases (e.g., emerging pollutants) there is a lack of physicochemical and toxicological data which makes it necessary to use tools such as QSARs. 

New vaccines have to be evalnated regarding their immunostimnlatory and immunosuppressing properties (1). When traditional methodologies are nsed, this evaluation is demanding and yet incomplete, with only a few biological responses measured. Consequently, the development and introdnction of new powerful techniques that allow rapid toxicological and immnnological evalnation are essential (2). 

It is important to characterize the physicochemical properties of the suspensions well, so that the PK data can be interpreted appropriately. Typical characterization of the drug substance includes purity, residual solvents, aqueous solubility pro Lie (pH 2, FaSSIF), crystallinity (XRPD/DSC), particle size, pl and logP. For solution formulations at various stages of discovery studies, dose analysis is essential, and for efLcacy assessment and toxicology studies, chemical stability for the... 

The evaluation and knowledge of physical, chemical, toxicological, and ecological properties of a dye is essential in order to assess its influence on the environment and to estimate whether or not a given product presents a hazard potential. It is important also to consider the type of handling and use that a dye is likely to undergo, the extent of human exposure that might be expected, and the amount involved. 

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