Insecticide resistance

Brindley, WA USDA Planning insecticide resistance management for methyl parathion. 

Apart from the resistance of insects to insecticides, resistance has been developed by plants to herbicides, fungi to fungicides, and rodents to rodenticides. Rodenticide resistance is discussed in Chapter 11, Section 11.2.5. 

Devonshire, A.L. and Sawicki, R.M. (1979). Insecticide resistant Afyz 5 persicae as an example of evolution by gene duplication London. Nature 280,140-141. 

Ffrench-Constant, T.A., Rochelau, J.C., and Steichen, J.C. et al. (1993). A point mutation in a Drosophila GABA receptor confers insecticide resistance. Nature, 363 49. 

John A. McKenzie. Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects of Insecticide Resistance. Austin, TX R. G. Landes Co., 1996. Source for pests resistance. 

Tabashnik, B.E. and N.L. Cushing. 1989. Quantitative genetic analysis of insecticide resistance variation in fenvalerate tolerance in a diamondback moth (Lepidoptera Plutellidae) population. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 82 5-10. 

Yasutomi K, Takahashi M (1989) Insecticidal resistance of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Chinen, Okinawa Prefecture, with special reference to the mechanism of pyrethroid-resistance. Jpn JSanitZool 40 315-321... 

Thanispong K, Sathantriphop S, Chareonviriyaphap T (2008) Insecticide resistance of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus in Thailand. J Pestic Sci 33(4) 351-356... 

Arthur, F.H., Zettler, J.L., and Halliday, W.R. 1988. Insecticide resistance among populations of almond moth and Indianmeal moth (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) in stored peanuts. J. Econ. Entomol. 

Zettler, J.L. 1982. Insecticide resistance in selected stored-product insects infesting peanuts in the southeastern United States. J. Econ. Entomol. 75, 359-362. 

Enayati A, Ranson H, Hemingway J (2005) Insect glutathione transferases and insecticide resistance. Insect Mol Biol 14 3-8... 

Randall JE (1967) Food habits of reef fishes of the West Indies. Stud Trop Oceanogr 5 665-847 Ranson H, Claudianos C, Ortelli F, Abgrall C, Hemingway J, Sharakhova MV, Unger MF, Collins FH, Feyereisen R (2002) Evolution of supergene families associated with insecticide resistance. Science 298 179-181... 

The Disposition and Biotransformation of Organochlorine Insecticides in Insecticide-Resistant and -Susceptible Mosquitofish... 

The biotransformation systems involved in insecticide metabolism have been studied in the R and S populations to determine any differences which might be potential contributory factors to or results of insecticide resistance. In addition, the possibility of mixed-function oxidase induction has been investigated. Specifically, the studies have encompassed a seasonal study of microsomal mixed-function oxidase (mfo) components, and studies of aldrin, dieldrin and DDT metabolism. 

Figure 1. Cytochrome P-450 contents in liver microsomes from insecticide-resistant and -susceptible mosquitofish...

Figure 2. Specific activity of NADPH-Cytochrome c reductase in liver microsomes from insecticide-resistant and -susceptible mosquitofish. A unit (U) of enzyme activity is defined as 1 pmol product formed/min.

Further, by virtue of their larger livers, the R fish have a greater xenobiotic biotransformation potential. However, the in vivo studies show few consistent differences in metabolism between the two populations. Biotransformation may be a major contributory factor in mosquitofish resistance to other pesticides, for example, organophosphorus and botanical insecticides, since the level of resistance to these chemicals is very low (4 fold or less) 08,20,21). However, biotransformation does not appear to play a major role in organochlorine insecticide resistance. 

We have, therefore, been able to indirectly assess the importance of three factors involved in chlorinated alicyclic insecticide resistance in mosquitofish disposition, metabolism and target site sensitivity. In a highly polluted environment in which mosquitofish have been placed under severe selective pressures by chronic exposure to insecticides, the system of metabolism appears to be of little significance in resistance the... 

Hepatic mixed-function oxidase activities demonstrated seasonal trends, with higher specific activities in the cold weather months in both populations with few differences in enzyme activities or cytochrome levels between the two populations. Metabolism of aldrin, dieldrin and DDT was similar between the two populations. R fish have larger relative liver size and, therefore, a greater potential for xenobiotic metabolism. However, biotransformation appears to be of minor importance in chlorinated alicyclic insecticide resistance in mosquitofish barriers to penetration appear to be of greater importance and an implied target site insensitivity appears to be the most important factor in resistance. 

L. M. Field, A. L. Devonshire, B. G. Forde, Molecular Evidence that Insecticide Resistance in Peach-Potato Aphids (Myzus persicae Sulz.) Results from Amplification of an Esterase Gene , Biochem. J. 1988, 257, 309-312. 

Decker, G. C. Bruce, W. Conference on Insecticide Resistance and Insect Physiology 1952, 25-33. 

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