Cadmium pollution

Cadmium is an extremely toxic metal that finds its way into the aqueous environment as a result of some human activities. A major cause of cadmium pollution is zinc mining and processing, because natural deposits of ZnS ores usually also contain CdS. During the processing of these ores, highly insoluble cadmium sulfide ( sp = 7.9 X 10 ) maybe converted into considerably less insoluble cadmium hydroxide (.E p — 7.2 X 10" ). What mass of Cd (OH)2 will dissolve in l.OOx lO L of an aqueous solution ... 

Akmal M, Wang HZ, Wu JJ, Xu JM, Xu DF (2005b) Changes in enzymes activity, substrate utilization pattern and diversity of soil microbial communities under cadmium pollution. J Environ Sci 17 802-807... 

Pilastro, A., L. Congiu, L. Tillandi, and M. Turchetto. 1993. The use of bird feathers for the monitoring of cadmium pollution. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24 355-358. 

Buchauer, M.J. 1971. Effects of Zinc and Cadmium Pollution on Vegetation and Soils. Ph.D. thesis. Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ. 329 pp. 

Gunson, D.E., D.F. Kowalczyk, C.R. Shoop, and C.F. Ramberg, Jr. 1982. Environmental zinc and cadmium pollution associated with generalized osteochondrosis, osteoporosis, and nephrocalcinosis in horses. Jour. Amer. Veterin. Med. Assoc. 180 295-299. 

The most severe form of chronic cadmium (Cd) poisoning caused by prolonged oral Cd ingestion is Itai-itai disease, which developed in numerous inhabitants of the Jinzu River basin in Toyama Prefecture, Japan in the 1950s (Figure 20.7). For the first time, cadmium pollution was shown to have severe consequences on human health, particularly in women. The most important effects were softening of the bones and kidney failure. The name of the disease is derived from the painful screams (Japanese /to/) caused by the severe pain in the... 

Cadmium Pollution Heavy pollution illillH Moderate pollution Mild pollution Sutpected pollution Non-polluted area... 

Satarug S, Baker JR, Urbenjapol S, Haswell-Elkins M, ReiUy PEB, WiUiams DJ, Moore MR (2003) A Global presepective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally exposed population. Toxicol Lett 137 65-83... 

Zinc Essential to all organisms used jo >70 enzymes aa-bilizes coiled ribosomes. Flays a role in sexual maturation and reproduction. U.S. population marginally deficient. Moderately to slightly toxic orally causes vomiting and diarrhea/ Pollution from industrial smoke may cause lung disease use of zinc promotes cadmium pollution. Certain areas (e.g., Iran and Egypt) are zinc deficient."... 

Cadmium is close to lead and mercury as a metal of current toxicological concern.12346 Extraction of lead and zinc ores, which contain cadmium, pollutes the environment with cadmium. The use of cadmium before 1900 was infrequent however, its valuable metallurgical properties, such as resistance to corrosion, increased its use markedly, for example in the manufacture of alloys and as a coating on steel. It is also now widely used in nickel cadmium ( nicad ) batteries. Coal and other fossil fuels contain cadmium which is released into the environment on combustion. 

These common uses only hint at all the things that transition metals can do. The copper penny, for instance, is mostly made of zinc, another transition metal. Chromium provides the shiny, mirror-like metal coating on chrome car bumpers, but is also added to some lasers to make their light shine red. Nickel and chromium combine in an alloy that can be coiled into the wires that heat toasters and hair dryers. Titanium dioxide is a very white reflective compound used in toothpaste and paints. The transition metal cadmium is used in brilliant and permanent colors such as cadmium yellow, red, and orange. Artists have used cadmium-based paints for hundreds of years, and manufacturers used the colors more recently in plastic products. However, the colors are rarely used now that scientists have discovered that cadmium pollution can cause cancer and other health problems. 

A classic example of essential metal deficiency resulting from nonessential metal exposure is Itai itai disease. Cadmium pollution in the Jinzu River basin in Japan resulted in severe nephrotoxicity in approximately 184 people. Renal tubule damage caused excessive loss of electrolytes and small proteins from the urine. In severe cases, urinary Ca loss was so severe that bone Ca was mobilized, resulting in osteomalacia. Renal tubular defects persisted for life and induced hypophosphatemia, hyperuricemia, and hyperchloremia, which are characteristic biochemical features of Itai-itai disease (see Section 21.6.1). 

Pollution frKHn industria) smoke may rxtuse lung dis-ease use of ziiK promotes cadmium pollution. Certain areas (e.g., Iran and Egypt) are zinc deficient."... 

Kobayashi E, Suwazono Y, Honda R, Dochi M, Nishijo M, KidoT, Nakagawa H. Serial changes in urinary cadmium concentrations and degree of renal tubular injury after soil replacement in cadmium-polluted rice paddies.Toxicol Lett. 2007 Nov 1. 

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Sugihira N, Saito H. Urinary excretion of N-acetyl-p-D-glucosaminidase and Pj-microglobulinin people living in a cadmium-polluted area. Jpn J Hyg 1986 41 665-671. 

Nakano M, Aoshima K, KatohT,Teranishi H, Kasuya M. Urinarytrehalase activity and renal brush-border damage in inhabitants of a cadmium-polluted area (Jinzu River basin). Toxicol Lett 1986 34 159-166. 

Nogawa K, Kobayashi E, Honda R, Ishizaki A, Kawano S, Matsuda H. Renal dysfunction of inhabitants in a cadmium-polluted area. Environ Res 1980 23 1323-1330. 

TakebayashI S. First autopsy case, suspicious of cadmium intoxication, from the cadmium-polluted area in Tsushima, Nagasaki Prefecture. In Cadmium-induced osteopathy. Shigematsu I, Nomiyama K(editors). Japan Public Health Association,Tokyo 1980 p. 124-138. 

KidoT, Nishijo M, Nakagawa H, Kobayashi E, Nogawa K, Tsuritani i, Honda R, Kito H. Urinary findings of inhabitants in a cadmium-polluted area ten years after cessation of cadmium exposure. Hokuriku J Public Health 2001 27 81-84. 

Aoshima K, Iwata K, Kasuya M. Environmental exposure to cadmium and effects on human health. Part 2. Bone and mineral metabolism In inhabitants of the cadmium-polluted JInzu River basin In Toyama Prefecture. Jpn J Hyg (In Japanese) 1988 43 864-871. 

Harada T, Matsuo S, Hara K, Yoshimura S. The association between proximal renal tubular dysfunction and osteopenia using microdensitometry in subjects required observation in cadmium-polluted areas. Kankyo-Hoken Report (In Japanese) 1986 52 109-113. 

TsurltanI I, Honda R, Ishizaki M, Yamada Y, Nishijo M, Nakagawa H. Bone mineral measurement In Inhabitants In a cadmium polluted area by ultrasound bone densitometer. Jpn J Hyg (in Japanese) 1994 49 125. 

Shimizu A, Kobayashi E, Suwazono Y, Uetani M, Oishi M, InabaT, KidoT, Nogawa K. Estimation of benchmark doses for urinary cadmium based on p -micoroglobulin excretion in cadmium-polluted regions of the Kakehashi River basin, Japan.IntJ Environ Health Res 2006 16 329-337. 

Nakagawa H. Nishijo M, Morikawa Y, Tabata M, Senma M, Kitagawa Y, Kawano S. Ishizaki M, Sugita N, Nishi M, KidoT, Nogawa K. Urinary Pj-microglobulin concentration and mortality in a cadmium-polluted area. Arch Environ Health 1993 48 428-434. 

Sartor FA, Rondia DJ, Claeys FD, Staessen JA, Lauwerys RR, Bernard AM, Buchet JP, Roels HA, Bruaux PJ, Ducoffre GM, Lijnen PJ, Thijs LB, Amery AK. Impact of environmental cadmium pollution on cadmium exposure and body burden. Arch Environ Health 1992 47 347-353. 

JinT,Wu X,Tang Y, Nordberg M, Bernard A, YeT, KongO, Lundstrom N-G, Nordberg G. Environmental epidemiological study and estimation of benchmark dose for renal dysfunction in a cadmium-polluted area in China. BioMetals 2004 17 525-530. 

Cadmium pollution of soils can occur from several sources, a major one being the deposition of municipal sewage sludge on agricultural soils. Other sources of Cd pollution are through rainfall and dry precipitation of Cd, as... 

Woelders, J.A. Urlings, L.G.C.M. Vanderpiji, P.P. In-situ remedial action of cadmium-polluted soil by ion exchange. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ion Exchange for Industry Streat, M., Ed. Ellis Horwood England, 1988 169. 

Other rural populations in Japan have been similarly affected, particularly communities living in the cadmium polluted areas of the Ishikawa and Akita Prefectures. In all cases, those individuals with itai-itai disease or who had severe renal dysfunction as a result of environmental exposure to cadmium have a distinctly poor life expectancy. 

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