Rat oral toxicity

The equation for rat oral toxicity is significant, though quite weak (100 r = 35.3). It indicates a negative steric effect for... 

Inhibitors acting on the MET-I 11 system presents an interesting contrast to the MET-I inhibitors. Based on a very limited number of compounds and data, compounds in the MET-III group appear to exhibit, at least for acute rat oral toxicity, a far more favorable toxicological profile than the MET-I inhibitors discovered to date. While Complex III and the strobUurin motif have been widely exploited for the control for fungicide pests, thus far only fluacrypyrim exploits this target and chemistry for the control of mites or insects. 

Dichloroacetic acid is used in the synthesis of chloramphenicol [56-75-7] and aHantoin [97-59-6]. Dichloroacetic acid has vimcidal and fungicidal activity. It was found to be active against several staphylococci (36). The oral toxicity is low the LD q in rats is 4.48 g/kg. It can, however, cause caustic bums of the skin and eyes and the vapors are very irritating and injurious (28). 

Sodium trichloroacetate [650-51-17, C2Cl202Na, is used as a herbicide for various grasses and cattails (2). The free acid has been used as an astringent, antiseptic, and polymerisation catalyst. The esters have antimicrobial activity. The oral toxicity of sodium trichloroacetate is quite low (LD q rats, 5.0 g/kg). Although very corrosive to skin, trichloroacetic acid does not have the skin absorption toxicity found with chloroacetic acid (28). 

Oral toxicity is very low isobutyl vinyl ether has LD q of 17 mL/kg for white rats. 

The toxicity of these fluoroaluminates is mainly as inorganic fluorides. The ACGIH adopted (1992—1993) values for fluorides as F is TLV 2.5 mg/m. The oral toxicity in laboratory animal tests is reported to be LD q rat 2.15 mg/kg (41). Because of the fine nature of the products they can also be sources of chronic toxicity effects as dusts. 

All of the propylene glycols display a low acute oral toxicity in laboratory rats as shown in Table 7 (30). Information for sucrose is shown for comparison. 

Rats showed no adverse effects from 5.0% dipropylene glycol in their drinking water for 77 days, but at a dose of 10.0% in the drinking water, kidney and Hver injury and some deaths occurred (35). A sufficient number of studies have not been carried out on tripropylene glycol to permit conclusions to be drawn regarding its chronic oral toxicity. 

Sahcylaldehyde has a moderate acute oral toxicity the LD q for rats is 0.3-2.0 g/kg of body weight. Hydroxybenzaldehyde has a low acute oral toxicity the LD q for rats is 4.0 g/kg of body weight. Neither material is likely to present a problem from ingestion incidental to its handling and industrial use. It should be recognized, however, that serious effects may result if substantial amounts are swallowed. 

Perthane [72-56-0] l,l-dichloro-2,2-bis-(4-ethyiphenyi)ethane (30) (mp 60—61°C) is a rapidly biodegradable insecticide with very low mammalian toxicity, rat oral LD q 8170 mg/kg. It has been used as a household insecticide. 

The rat LD qS are 13, 3.6 (oral) and 21, 6.8 (dermal) mg/kg. Parathion is resistant to aqueous hydrolysis, but is hydroly2ed by alkah to form the noninsecticidal diethjlphosphorothioic acid and -nitrophenol. The time required for 50% hydrolysis is 120 d ia a saturated aqueous solution, or 8 h ia a solution of lime water. At temperatures above 130°C, parathion slowly isomerizes to 0,%diethyl 0-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate [597-88-6] which is much less stable and less effective as an insecticide. Parathion is readily reduced, eg, by bacillus subtilis ia polluted water and ia the mammalian mmen to nontoxic 0,0-diethyl 0-(4-aminophenyl) phosphorothioate, and is oxidized with difficulty to the highly toxic paraoxon [511-45-5] diethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate d 1.268, soluble ia water to 2.4 mg/L), rat oral LD q 1.2 mg/kg. 

Tetrahydronaphthalene is not a highly toxic compound. A threshold limit value of 25 ppm or 135 mg/m has been suggested for Tetralin. Tetralin vapor is an irritant to the eyes, nose, and throat, and dermatitis has been reported in painters working with it (28). The single-dose oral toxicity LD q for rats is 2.9 g/kg (29). 

Toxicology. The nitroparaffins have minimal effects by way of actual contact. There were neither systemic effects nor irritation in dermal studies in rabbits. Human exposure of a prolonged or often-repeated nature has led to low grade irritation attributable to removal of oil from the skin, an effect produced by most organic solvents. Eye irritation potential of all four nitroparaffins has been deterrnined in rabbits. Other than a transient slight redness and some lachrymation, no effects were noted. The average Draize score was 0.0. The acute oral toxicity, LD q, of all four nitroparaffins has been deterrnined in the rat (Table 8). 

Health and Safety Factors. Terephthahc acid has a low order of toxicity. Inhalation by rats for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk for 4 wk produced no fatahties at a dust exposure level of 25 mg/m. The mean acute oral toxicity for rats is over 18 g/kg (86), and for mice over 6 g/kg (87). When terephthahc acid was fed as 3% of the diet to rats, urinary calcuh formed in 90 d, some of which led to cancer. High doses of terephthahc acid lead to formation of calcium terephthalate at levels exceeding its solubihty in urine. This insoluble material leads to the calcuh and provides a threshold below which cancer is not observed (88). Normal precautions used in handling industrial chemicals should be observed with terephthahc acid. If ventilation is inadequate, a toxic-dust respirator should be used to avoid prolonged exposure. 

Mesitylene. One of the principal derivatives of mesitylene is the stericaHy hindered phenol of the stmcture shown in Eigure 4. Its trade name is Ethanox 330 and it is produced by Albemarle Corporation (formerly Ethyl Corporation) (31). Ethanox 330 is an important noncoloring antioxidant and thermal stabiHzer for plastics, adhesives, mbber, and waxes (qv) (32,33) (see Antioxidants). The oral toxicity of Antioxidant 330 is extremely low (oral LD q in rats >15 g/kg) since its large size, C H gO, effectively eliminates absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. 

Health and Safety Factors. Results of acute oral toxicity studies of 2-pyrrohdinone on white rats and guinea pigs show the LD q to be 6.5 ml,/kg. Skin patch tests on 200 human subjects indicate that 2-pyrrohdinone is a skin kritant, but there is no indication of sensitising action. It is a mild eye irritant (79). 

Silver compounds having anions that are inherently toxic, eg, silver arsenate and silver cyanide, can cause adverse health effects. The reported rat oral LD values for silver nitrate, silver arsenate [13510-44-6] and silver cyanide are 500—800 (29), 200—400 (29), and 123 mg/kg (30), respectively. Silver compounds or complexes ia which the silver ion is not biologically available, eg, silver sulfide and silver thiosulfate complexes, are considered to be without adverse health effects and essentially nontoxic. 

Toxicity. The U.S. Eood and Dmg Administration regards common salt, ie, NaCl, as GRAS for its intended use as a food additive. Oral toxicity for mammals is reported in mg/kg (16) for humans, TD qI 12,357 23D-C (daily-continuous) for mice, LD qI 4000 for rats, LD qI 3000 and for rabbits, LD qI 8000. TD q and LD q are lowest level toxic and lethal dosages, respectively. 

Health and Safety Factors. Sodium metabisulfite is nonflammable, but when strongly heated it releases sulfur dioxide. The oral acute toxicity is slight and the LD q (rat, oral) is 2 g/kg. Sodium bisulfite appears to be weakly mutagenic to some bacteria, ia rodent embryos, and ia a human lymphocyte test. There is iaadequate evidence for carciaogenicity (183,343). 

Sodium dithionite is considered only moderately toxic. The solution is reported to have an LD q (rat, oral) of about 5 g/kg. As with sulfites, fairly large doses of sodium dithionite can probably be tolerated because oxidation to sulfate occurs. However, irritation of the stomach by the Hberated sulfurous acid is expected. As a food additive, sodium dithionite is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) (367). 

Health nd SMety Factors. The lowest pubhshed human oral toxic dose is 430 mg/kg, causing nervous system disturbances and gastrointestinal symptoms. The LD q (rat, oral) is 750 mg/kg (183). Thiocyanates are destroyed readily by soil bacteria and by biological treatment systems in which the organisms become acclimatized to thiocyanate. Pyrolysis products and combustion products can include toxic hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides. 

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