Total product reserve

It is likely that future developments for methods of cooling system field analysis and control will focus less on determining total product reserves, but rather on methods to determine precisely how much active inhibitor is bound-up (and therefore unavailable) and how much is available (and therefore useful) reserve is present. 

At the present rate of world phosphate rock consumption (150 x 10 t/yr), the total world reserve (Table 14) is sufficient for about 200 years, and the resource would be sufficient for nearly 900 years. At expected increased rates of consumption, the reserves and resources are adequate for at least 150 years and 700 years, respectively. At projected rates of consumption, the high grade reserves in Florida probably will be exhausted by the year 2000. Rock production from the Florida reserve presentiy constitutes about 80% of all United States production and about one-third of world production (106). This rate of depletion is causing increased interest in western United States reserves which represent nearly 80% of present U.S. total reserves. 

Perhaps the biggest contribution that technological advancement in petroleum production will make is bringing large volumes of unconventional petroleum resources, eg, heavy oil and tar sands, into a viable economic realm by lowering the unit cost of production. Compared to the inventory of conventional petroleum reserves and undiscovered resources, the physical inventories of such unconventional petroleum resources are extremely large for example, the Athabasca tar sands in Alberta, Canada, are estimated to contain 360 x 10 m (2250 x 10 bbl) of in-place petroleum (19). This volume is equivalent to the total inventory, ie, the combined cumulative production, reserves, and undiscovered resources, of world conventional cmde petroleum. In... 

On a uniform calorific value basis, coal constitutes 69% of the total estimated recoverable resources of fossil fuel in the United States. Petroleum and natural gas are about 7% and oil in oil shale, which is not as of this writing used as a fuel, is about 23%. The 1989 total recoverable reserves of coal are about 500 times the 1989 aimual production (2), whereas the reserves of oil and gas are smaller, the production and consumption rate of oil and gas in the United States is three times that of coal. 

Coal is the most abundant and most economical fossil fuel resource in the world. Proven coal reseiwes exceed 1 trillion tons, and indicated reserves are estimated at 24 trillion tons. Coal is found in eveiy continent of the world, including Antarctica, although the largest quantities of coal are in the Northern Hemisphere. Coal is mined in some sixty countries in nineteen coal basins around the world, but more than 57 percent of the world s total recoverable reserves are estimated to be in the United States, and China, which together account for more than two-thirds of the world s coal production. 

Recoverable oil reserves are given as 1.23 x 10 toe. The UK consumption is only 70 x 10 toe, some 60 x 10 toe being exported from the total annual production of 130 X 10 toe. At this total production level there is only 10 years supply (but the cessation of exports would virtually double the life). Gas reserves are similarly limited, and are said to be equivalent to about 40 years. 

Table 3.9 shows the distribution of world hard coal reserves and resources in 2005. Total reserves amounted to 728 Gt (626 Gtce), of which the vast majority are located in the USA and China, followed by India and Russia. The top ten countries represent 85% of total reserves. Considering the production of 2005, the static lifetime of hard coal can be calculated at around 150 years however, we should acknowledge the simplicity of this approach, as coal use is expected to increase significantly in the future. As for hard coal resources, whose quantification is more uncertain, Russia is leading, followed by China and the United States. Figure 3.22 shows the geographical distribution of cumulative production, reserves and resources of hard coal. 

According to the latest assessments [1] the proven reserves of oil, mainly concentrated in the middle East, increased less intensively (from 86 btoe in 1973 to 140 btoe in 2000), than those of gas (52 Tcm in 1973, that was roughly tripled at beginning of the 21st century). The total proven reserves of crude oil and gas liquids at the end of 1999 aggregates roughly to 140 btoe that allows continuing current rate of production for 40 more years. 

At present, there is an oversupply of raisins in California. The reserve pool for the 2000-2001 season was 203,3301, or about 66% of total production (6). Changing dynamics in international trade and market developments in the wine industry will continue to have an impact on the size of... 

Patent, J. D., A Survey of United States and Total World Production, Reserves and Remaining Recoverable Fossil Fuel and Uranium, Institute or Gas Technology, Chicago, 1977. 

U.S. coal reserves total about 270 billion short tons, approximately 25 percent of total world reserves. Annual U.S. consumption is just over 1 billion short tons, giving a reserve life of approximately 275 years at today s level of use. The reserves are sufficient to warrant consideration of coal as a primary feedstock for future hydrogen production. 

Figure 18.213-D plot of the hybrid objective function representing the total production cost in elution (defined in Eq. 18.62). Plot for the less retained component of a 3 1 mixture at a separation factor a = 1.5 and a retention factor = 6. A. Felinger and G. Guiochon, AIChE ]., 40 (1994) 594 (Fig. 8). Reproduced by permission of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 1993 AIChE. All rights reserved.

The major reservoirs of natural CO occur around the Permian Basin area. Sheep Mountain, in southeastern Colorado is estimated to contain one trillion cubic feet (TCF) of CO2 of 97% purity. Productive capacity is approximately 300 MCF per day. Other important sources include Brano Dome in New Mexico with reserves of 5 TCF and with total productive capacity of approximately 350 MCF per day. The McElmo Dome has reserves of greater than 8 TCF (97% purity) of the same productive capacity as the Brano Dome Unit. The potential for the McElmo Dome is believed to be approximately 1 billion cubic feet per day. In addition, other units include Jackson Dome, Mississippi (1 TCF proven) and the LaBrage area of southwestern Wyoming which is believed to have reserves in excess of 20 TCF. These data, based on the 1984 National Petroleum Council study of enhanced oil recovery, indicate that the aggregate supply is approximately 2 billion cubic feet per day. 

PGM deposits vary in their composition and often contain more of either Pt or Pd. The most significant locations are found in South Africa and Russia, but Canada, the USA and Zimbabwe also provide small yet reasonable amounts. With about 80% of the annual output of Pt and almost half of the Pd-output, South Africa is the dominant producer. Indeed, South Africa accounts for nearly 90% of the world s reserve of PGM. The other major producer is Russia, but as the sale of PGM by that country is of strategic concern to its government, this source has been quite erratic in the past. Canada is the third largest producer, with about 4% of the annual total production basically as a by-product of nickel production in the Sudbury complex (Hilliard 2000 Campell... 

A final term used to define total oil reserves is estimated ultimately recoverable (EUR) reserves, which includes cumulative production to date, current reserve estimates, and those reserves that remain to be found and exploited. In Figure 2.11, the EUR would make up a portion of the resource base plus cumulative production to date. 

It is difficult to make a significant estimate of the total world reserves of sulfur because of the wide variety of forms in which it occurs. Reserves may total 1.4 x 10 tonnes [83]. Total resources are probably about 5.0 x 10 tonnes, to 7.5 x 10 tonnes, of which more than 99% is present in coal, oil shales, and gypsum these are materials that do not make a significant contributton to present world production. World resources of elemental sulfur in evaporite, volcanic deposits, and sulfur associated vnth natural gas, petroleum, tar sands, and metal sulfides may amount to about 5, x 10 tonnes (Table 5.22). 

Despite the negative balances that occurred over considerable periods early in lactation, there was a net positive balance over the lactation and dry period as a whole. It has therefore become normal practice to consider the complete lactation in assessing calcium and phosphorus requirements early negative balances are regarded as normal, since no ill effects are evident as long as subsequent replenishment of body reserves takes place, and daily requirements are formulated on the basis of total production over the lactation. However, although the lactation approach is... 

Crude oil total proved reserves (including oil sands) estimates in 193.4 billion t. The annual production is 3.9 bilUon t. Natural gas total proved reserves is about 2.94 and annual production equal to 2.94 trillion m (2.65 billion toe) [2]. The main producers are shown in Table 1. 

This corresponds to 3% of the total copper reserves of the world. In the year 2000, production in its own mines was 21000 tonnes, i.e. less than 0.2% of the world production. 

World oil production and consumption was projected to reach 75.9, 82.4,86.5, and HIM bbl/day in the years 2000,2005,2010, and 2035, respectively. Total world reserves have been estimated to be about from 1.354 billion barrels to 12 billion barrels. Based on projected uses and available reserves at present prices, it would appear that oil will be available for only 30-50 years or until the year 2040. It must be pointed out that all these predictions are based on present technology, and in the USA alone, there is an additional 3 x 10 bbl of oil which can only be economically recovered when the price of oil has risen to about 30/bbl. 

Although only a small proportion of the annual production of any element actually finds its way into the hydrosphere, in the limit, the total potential pollution of the ocean is represented by a situation where total ore reserves have been exhausted and transferred into the sea. Since the toxicity of many elements is inversely related, to some extent, to their concentrations in sea water and these concentrations are known with some assurance, there is something to be said for assessing the potential pollutant effect of each element by relating its annual production to its present concentration in ocean water. 

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