Indicated reserves

Indian red Indican [487-60-5 Indicated reserves Indicator Indicator badges Indicator dye Indicators... 

Indicated reserves constitute known petroleum that is currendy producible but caimot be estimated accurately enough to qualify as proved. 

Coal is the most abundant and most economical fossil fuel resource in the world. Proven coal reseiwes exceed 1 trillion tons, and indicated reserves are estimated at 24 trillion tons. Coal is found in eveiy continent of the world, including Antarctica, although the largest quantities of coal are in the Northern Hemisphere. Coal is mined in some sixty countries in nineteen coal basins around the world, but more than 57 percent of the world s total recoverable reserves are estimated to be in the United States, and China, which together account for more than two-thirds of the world s coal production. 

Assess the risk for variceal bleeding and begin pharmacologic prophylaxis where indicated, reserving endoscopic therapy for high-risk patients or acute bleeding episodes. 

Co. of California. Proven orebody reserves at the end of December 1978 were 365,000 metric tons, with indicated reserves of over 3 million metric tons of rare earth oxide (REO). Current mine production capacity is 27,000 metric tons per year of bastnaesite concentrate produced in 3 grades a 60% REO unleached concentrate, a 70% REO leached concentrate (SrO and CaO removed), and a 90% REO calcined concentrate (CO2 removed). In 1977, shipments totaled 13,521 metric tons of contained REO. Polishing compounds consumed approximately 10% of this production. 

The United States is fortunate in having one of the world s largest reserves of coal. Total measured and indicated reserves... 

As you can see, the computer in Figure 9.9 has IRQs 3, 5, 10, 11,12, and 15 available. (You can tell this because either the IRQ Status Detected column indicates No or the Description column indicates Reserved for these IRQ channels.) If you want to install a device that requires an IRQ channel, you can set it to any of these channels and there should be no IRQ conflicts. You perform the same procedure to find out if any of the other resources are available. 

Note This term is equivalent to "Demonstrated Reserves" as defined in the resource/ reserve classification contained in the United States Geological Survey, Ci rcular 831,1980. Demonstrated reserves include measured and indicated reserves but exclude inferred reserves. 

Many sources, including the DOE, further categorize reserves, differentiating between proven reserves, indicated reserves, and inferred reserves. Each succeeding level indicates less certainty. Indicated reserves are what are deemed recoverable from known fields using improved recovery techniques. Inferred reserves are reserves thought to exist in identified fields but that have not been measured (Hinrichs 2002). 

Indicated reserves" (category Cl) are determinable at the end of the second stage of an exploration project for cement raw materials. These have been investigated on the basis of a network of widely spaced boreholes the types of rock and their chemical characteristics are substantially known, as are also the structure and bedding conditions in broad outline. 

The volumetries of a field, along with the anticipated recovery factors, control the reserves in the field those hydrocarbons which will be produced in the future. The value of an oil or gas company lies predominantly in its hydrocarbon reserves which are used by shareholders and investors as one indication of the strength of the company, both at present and in the future. A reliable estimate of the reserves of a company is therefore important to the current value as well as the longer term prospects of an oil or gas company. 

Coa.1 Reserves. As indicated in Table 2, coal is more abundant than oil and gas worldwide. Moreover, the U.S. has more coal than other nations U.S. reserves amount to about 270 biUion metric tons, equivalent to about 11 x 10 MJ (1 x 10 ° BTU = 6600 quads), a large number compared to the total transportation energy use of about 3.5 x lO " MJ (21 quads) per year (11). Methanol produced from U.S. coal would obviously provide better energy security benefits than methanol produced from imported natural gas. At present however, the costs of producing methanol from coal are far higher than the costs of producing methanol from natural gas. 

In addition to the indicated total world reserves of about 21 x 10 t having P2 s content of at least 30%, and the 9.1 x 10 ° t classified as resources, there are about 250 x 10 t of reserves and resources derived from guano which are not included in Table 14. 

Fig. 8. Agonist, dose—response curves, (a) For an agonist where a value of 10 M is indicated at the concentration giving 50% response, (b) For an agonist alone, Aq, and in the presence of increasing amounts of irreversible receptor antagonists, B—F. There is a progressive rightward shift of the dose—response curve prior to reduction of maximum response. This pattern is consistent with the presence of a receptor reserve.

In several cases, such as shellfish areas and aquatic reserves, the usual water quaUty parameters do not apply because they are nonspecific as to detrimental effects on aquatic life. Eor example, COD is an overall measure of organic content, but it does not differentiate between toxic and nontoxic organics. In these cases, a species diversity index has been employed as related to either free-floating or benthic organisms. The index indicates the overall condition to the aquatic environment. It is related to the number of species in the sample. The higher the species diversity index, the more productive the aquatic system. The species diversity index is computed by the equation K- = (S — 1)/logjg I, where S is the number of species and /the total number of individual organisms counted. 

Fleca.inide, Elecainide acetate, a fluorobenzamide, is a derivative of procainamide, and has been reported to be efficacious in suppressing both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias (26—29). The dmg is generally reserved for patients with serious and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Elecainide depresses phase 0 depolarization of the action potential, slows conduction throughout the heart, and significantly prolongs repolarization (30). The latter effect indicates flecainide may possess some Class III antiarrhythmic-type properties (31). 

Comprehensive reviews of energy sources are pubflshed by the World Energy Conference, formerly the World Power Conference at six-year intervals (83). The 1986 survey includes reserves and also gives total resources. In 1986 the total proven reserves of recoverable soHd fuels were given as 6 X 10 metric tons. One metric ton is defined as 29.2 x 10 MJ (27.7 x 10 Btu) to provide for the variation of calorific value in different coals. The total estimated additional reserves recoverable and total estimated additional amount in place are 2.2 x 10 and 7.7 x 10 metric tons, respectively. These figures are about double the 1913 estimates, primarily because significantly increased reserves have been indicated for Russia. 

A primary concern in coal-fired power generation is the release of air pollutants. Limits on SO2 output, 0.52 g/MJ equivalent of coal input to a new plant, have been estabflshed. Eor a bituminous coal of 27.9 MJ/kg there is thus an upper limit of 0.72% sulfur content. Relatively few coals can meet this requirement. The U.S. Department of Energy indicated recoverable reserves of 420 x 10 t in 1987 (2) that were categorized by sulfur content 33.5% had 0.6% S or less, 15.4% had between 0.61% and 0.83% S, 16.1% had between 0.84 and 1.67% S, 12.4% had between 1.68 and 2.50% S, and 22.6% had more than 2.5% S. The lowest sulfur coal, 86%, is found west of the Mississippi River, mainly in Montana and Wyoming, quite distant from the electric power demand centers in the East. A trend to utilization of the western coals has developed. 

Generation was normally modeled m system studies using economic dispatch schedules developed from individual unit fuel cost and heat-rate data. To serve a particular load level, the units would be stacked (added to the system) in order of priority based on cost and performance. Additional capacity options were available from off-system purchases or reserve sharing arrangements with neighboring systems. A system s ability to import power was a strong indicator of its territorial rcscivc requirements. 

Figure 9-62. Flooding data for structured packings as reported by Billet [109]. Numbers following packing type indicate specific surface area in m /m. Reproduced by pennis-sion of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Fair, J. R. and Bravo, J. L., Chemical Engineering Progress, V. 86, No. 1 (1990) p. 19 all rights reserved. Note, Uq = vapor velocity, meters/sec.

Figure 10-101. Maximum AT values occur at the indicated threshold of film boiling, a typical example using 100% ethyl alcohol from a clean surface. (Used by permission Cichelli, M. T. and Bonilla, C. F. Transactions. AlChE, V. 41, No. 6, 1945. American Institute of Chemical Engineers. All rights reserved.)...

Figure 12-17A. Combined indicator cards from a two-stage compressor showing how cylinder water jackets and intercooler help bring compression line nearer to isothermal. (Used and adapted by permission Miller, H. H. Power, 1944. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York. All rights reserved.)...

Statements. Most statements, except where noted otherwise, begin in the seventh column of a page considered to be 80 columns w ide continuation linen are indicated by a + (symbol may vary with version of language) in the sixth column. The first five columns are reserved for labels (line numbers), which are only required if the line is referenced by another statement, and for comment lines, which are determined by a character in the first column. Columns 7 to 72 are reserved for statements 7.S-80 are not read. (See Table 1-24 for required order of statements in FORTRAN.)... 

The Pf and P test results indicate the reserve alkalinity of the suspended solids. As the [OH"] in solution is reduced, the lime and limestone suspended in the mud will go into solution and tend to stabilize the pH. This reserve alkalinity generally is expressed as an equivalent lime concentration, in Ib/bbl of mud. 

Bottom-supported vessels consist of drilling platforms, jackup rigs, and drilling barges. A drilling platform is not employed until reserves warranting field development is indicated. Platforms are currently being set in water depths up to 1,000 ft, and also serve as permanent production facilities. 

LPG cylinders are filled only at purpose-designed filling plants and (if refillable) are returned there when exhausted. To provide a continuous gas supply, two, four or more cylinders are connected to a changeover valve so those empty cylinders can be exchanged without interrupting the supply. Automatic changeover devices are available, which switch to the reserve supply when necessary, and indicate that they have done so. A typical wall-mounted ACD is illustrated in Ligure 20.9. 

---