Toluene properties

Solvent X Toluene Properties of solvent pairs 269 UNIFAC contributions Aromatic CCH3 1 CH 5 ... 

Uses Surfactant, wetting agent, and detergent for chemical Industry, hand-dlsh-washlng detergents and household cleaners, aq. all-purpose cleaners, hard-sur-face cleaners, and solvent-based degreasers that are applied cold emulsifier for chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as methylene chloride, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene, and for aromatics such as benzene and toluene Properties YIsh. Ilq. sol. In water, 5% caustic soda, 5% HCI, IPA, trichlorethylene, xylene dens. 1.08 g/ml pour pt. -5 C surf. tens. 33 dynes/cm (1 g/l water) pH 7-9 (0.1% aq.) 55% act. 

Physical Properties. Nitrobenzene, C HjNOj pale yellow liquid, insoluble in and heavier than water, characteristic odour of bitter almonds, (similar to that of benzaldehyde and benzonitrile). /> Nitro toluene, C,H4(CH3)N02, usually pale yellow solid, insoluble in water, m-Dinitrobenzene, C8H4(N02)g, colourless solid when pure, but often pale yellow insoluble in water. 

Physical Properties. Benzene, C H, toluene, C Hj-CH, and petrol (a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons, e.g., pentane, hexane, etc.) are colourless liquids, insoluble in and lighter than water. Benzene and toluene, which have similar odours, are not readily distinguishable chemically, and their physical constants should therefore be carefully noted benzene, m.p. 5 (solidifies when a few ml. in a dry test-tube are chilled in ice-water), b.p. 8i toluene, m.p. —93°, b.p. 110°. Petroleum has a characteristic odour. 

Separations based upon differences in the chemical properties of the components. Thus a mixture of toluene and anihne may be separated by extraction with dilute hydrochloric acid the aniline passes into the aqueous layer in the form of the salt, anihne hydrochloride, and may be recovered by neutralisation. Similarly, a mixture of phenol and toluene may be separated by treatment with dilute sodium hydroxide. The above examples are, of comse, simple apphcations of the fact that the various components fah into different solubihty groups (compare Section XI,5). Another example is the separation of a mixture of di-n-butyl ether and chlorobenzene concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves only the w-butyl other and it may be recovered from solution by dilution with water. With some classes of compounds, e.g., unsaturated compounds, concentrated sulphuric acid leads to polymerisation, sulphona-tion, etc., so that the original component cannot be recovered unchanged this solvent, therefore, possesses hmited apphcation. Phenols may be separated from acids (for example, o-cresol from benzoic acid) by a dilute solution of sodium bicarbonate the weakly acidic phenols (and also enols) are not converted into salts by this reagent and may be removed by ether extraction or by other means the acids pass into solution as the sodium salts and may be recovered after acidification. Aldehydes, e.g., benzaldehyde, may be separated from liquid hydrocarbons and other neutral, water-insoluble hquid compounds by shaking with a solution of sodium bisulphite the aldehyde forms a sohd bisulphite compound, which may be filtered off and decomposed with dilute acid or with sodium bicarbonate solution in order to recover the aldehyde. 

At one time benzene was widely used as a solvent This use virtually disappeared when statistical studies revealed an increased incidence of leukemia among workers exposed to atmospheric levels of benzene as low as 1 ppm Toluene has replaced benzene as an inexpensive organic solvent because it has similar solvent properties but has not been determined to be carcinogenic m the cell systems and at the dose levels that benzene is... 

These foams are produced from long-chain, Hghtiy branched polyols reacting with a diisocyanate, usuaUy toluene diisocyanate [1321 -38-6] (TDI), to form an open-ceUed stmcture with free air dow during dexure. During manufacture these foams are closely controUed for proper density, ranging from 13 to 80 kg/m (0.8—5 lbs/ft ), to achieve the desired physical properties and cost. 

Membranes and Osmosis. Membranes based on PEI can be used for the dehydration of organic solvents such as 2-propanol, methyl ethyl ketone, and toluene (451), and for concentrating seawater (452—454). On exposure to ultrasound waves, aqueous PEI salt solutions and brominated poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide) form stable emulsions from which it is possible to cast membranes in which submicrometer capsules of the salt solution ate embedded (455). The rate of release of the salt solution can be altered by surface—active substances. In membranes, PEI can act as a proton source in the generation of a photocurrent (456). The formation of a PEI coating on ion-exchange membranes modifies the transport properties and results in permanent selectivity of the membrane (457). The electrochemical testing of salts (458) is another possible appHcation of PEI. 

Kinetics are slow and many hours are requited for a 95% conversion of the reactants. In the case of the subject compound, there is evidence that the reaction is autocatalytic but only when approximately 30% conversion to the product has occurred (19). Reaction kinetics are heavily dependent on the species of halogen ia the alkyl haHde and decrease ia the order I >Br >C1. Tetrabutylphosphonium chloride exhibits a high solubiHty ia a variety of solvents, for example, >80% ia water, >70% ia 2-propanol, and >50% ia toluene at 25°C. Its analogues show similar properties. One of the latest appHcations for this phosphonium salt is the manufacture of readily dyeable polyester yams (20,21). 

A modified ZSM-5 catalyst has a unique shape-selective property for producing -ethyltoluene [622-96-8] selectively by the alkylation of toluene [108-88-3] with ethylene (54). j )-Ethyltoluene is an intermediate in the production of poly -methylstyrene) [24936-41-2] (PPMS), which is reported to have... 

Hydrocarbon Solvents. Most hydrocarbon solvents are mixtures. Few commercial hydrocarbon solvents are single compounds. Toluene is an exception. Hydrocarbon solvents are usually purchased and suppHed on specification. The most important specification properties are distillation range, solvency as expressed by aniline cloud poiat and Kauri-Butanol (KB) value, specific gravity, and dash poiat. Composition requirements such as aromatic content and benzene concentration are also important ia many appHcations. 

The physical piopeities of toluene have been well studied expeiimentally. Several physical properties ate presented in Table 1 (1). Thermodynamic and transport properties can also be obtained, from other sources (2—7). The vapor pressure of toluene can be calculated as follows (8), where P is in kPa and T is in K. 

There is a considerable amount of experimentaldata for properties of mixtures wherein toluene is a principal constituent. Compilations and bibhographies exist for vapor—hquid equihbrium measurements (9,10), hquid—hquid equihbrium measurements (11), and azeotropic data (12,13). 

Tables 16 and 17 Hst tke analytical test methods for different properties of interest. The Manufacturing Chemists Association, Inc. (MCA) has pubUshed the Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD 63, which describes in detail procedures for safe handling of use of toluene (46). The Interstate Commerce Commission classifies toluene as a flammable Hquid. Accordingly, it must be packaged in authorized containers, and shipping must comply with ICC regulations. Properties related to safe handling are autoignition temperature, 536°C explosive limits, 1.27—7.0 vol % in air and flash point 4.4°C, closed cup.

Acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, dimethylformamide, ethyl acetate, and tetrahydrofuran are solvents for vinyhdene chloride polymers used in lacquer coatings methyl ethyl ketone and tetrahydrofuran are most extensively employed. Toluene is used as a diluent for either. Lacquers prepared at 10—20 wt % polymer sohds in a solvent blend of two parts ketone and one part toluene have a viscosity of 20—1000 mPa-s (=cP). Lacquers can be prepared from polymers of very high vinyhdene chloride content in tetrahydrofuran—toluene mixtures and stored at room temperature. Methyl ethyl ketone lacquers must be prepared and maintained at 60—70°C or the lacquer forms a sohd gel. It is critical in the manufacture of polymers for a lacquer apphcation to maintain a fairly narrow compositional distribution in the polymer to achieve good dissolution properties. 

Toners derived from 6-chlorometanilic acid [88-43-7] 6-amiao-4-chloro-y -toluene-sulfonic acid [88-51-7] and 6-arriino-y -toluenesulfonic acid [88-44-8] have improved fastness properties and find use in paints, inks, and plastics. 

AHyl chloride is a colorless Hquid with a disagreeable, pungent odor. Although miscible in typical compounds such as alcohol, chloroform, ether, acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, heptane, toluene, and acetone, aHyl chloride is only slightly soluble in water (21—23). Other physical properties are given in Table 1. 

Physical properties of some commercially available polyamines appear in Table 1. Generally, they are slightly to moderately viscous, water-soluble Hquids with mild to strong ammoniacal odors. Although completely soluble in water initially, hydrates may form with time, particularly with the heavy ethyleneamines (TETA, TEPA, PEHA, and higher polyamines), to the point that gels may form or the total solution may soHdify under ambient conditions. The amines are also completely miscible with alcohols, acetone, benzene, toluene and ethyl ether, but only slightly soluble in heptane. 

Toluene also reacts with ethylene to produce -ethyltoluene [622-96-8] or -methylethylbenzene, which can be dehydrogenated to give / -methylstyrene. The polymer (PMS), has a high glass-transition poiat and better flow properties, and has gained significant commercial importance ia receat years. 

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