Tolerance dietary

In summary, therefore, the ability to tolerate dietary exposure to food proteins does not demand the suppression of all immune responses, but rather the avoidance or selective inhibition of immune responses of the quality required for IgE antibody production and allergic sensitization. Against this background an intriguing question relates to the nature of factors that influence the loss or failure of immunological tolerance and acquisition of allergic sensitization to food proteins, and which underlie inter-individual differences in susceptibility to food allergy [43],... 

In the constipation-predominant patienfi dietary fiber may be beneficial. Patients should be instructed to begin with 1 tablespoonful of fiber with 1 meal daily and gradually increase the dose to include fiber with 2 and 3 meals a day until the desired outcome is achieved. Endpoints that the patient should aim for include bulkier and more easily passed stools. For patients unable to tolerate dietary bran, bulking agents such as psyUium may be substimted. Laxative use is not encouraged in these patients, and it should only be used in the smallest dose for the least amount of time in cases of severe constipation. 

Maximum tolerable dietary Fe 3000 mg kg feed DM for pigs and 1000 mg kg" for poultry. Anorexia, oliguria, hypothermia, diphasic shock, acidosis, death... 

In this respect, the suggested maximum tolerable dietary levels of iodine for common livestock in the European Union is lOmgkg feed DM. For solipeds (horses, etc.), the highest tolerable iodine concentration has been limited to 4 mg kg feed DM. Horses are considerably less tolerant to iodine excess (5 mg kg feed DM) than cattle, sheep, and poultry (NRG 1980, Hetzel and Maberly 1986, McDowell 1992). Supplementation in the amounts stated above is dangerous for the reproductive performance. An influence on the growth of chicken embryos and brain development has also been reported (Travnicek et al. 1997). 

The maximum tolerable dietary level recommended by the National Research Gxindl is 5-10 ppny depending on the level of dietary copper. Dietary copper levels of 6-10 ppm protect cattle against 5-6 ppm dietary molybdenum. 

The present (ca 1997) maximum safe level of vitamin for long-term feeding in most species is four to ten times the NRC dietary requirements. Short-term (<60 d), most species can tolerate 100 times their apparent dietary requirements (210). 

Brewers and bakers dried yeasts are used as dietary supplements. They contribute some protein and trace minerals, and some B vitamins, but no vitamin C, vitamin B 2 or fat-soluble vitamins. The glucose tolerance factor (GTE) of yeast, chromium nicotinate, mediates the effect of insulin. It seems to be important for older persons who caimot synthesize GTE from inorganic dietary chromium. The ceU wall fraction of bakers yeast reduces cholesterol levels in rats fed a hypercholesteremic diet. 

In addition to IL-10, TGF-(3 is a key cytokine in immune tolerance. It was investigated whether orally administered TGF-(3, such as TGF-(3 in human milk, retains and exerts its activity in the intestinal mucosa and can induce immune tolerance to dietary antigens. In a relevant mice model the oral administration of TGF-(3 increased activation and response in TGF-(3-related responsive elements and increased serum TGF-(3 levels [118]. BALB/c mice treated orally with OVA and TGF-(3 showed augmented... 

JENKINS D A (1978) Dietary fibers and fiber analogues and glucose tolerance importance of viscosity. Merf/, 1 1392-4. 

Pesticide residues consist of chemicals that might occur in a commodity as a result of application of a pesticide. Such chemicals typically correspond to compounds for which a regulatory agency has or will set a tolerance, i.e., a maximum residue limit, specific to the commodity. In either a field study or a market basket survey, residues to be determined will be those which result from application of the specific pesticide that the study is intended to support. A market basket survey, however, might be intended to support not just one but several different pesticides of the same or different chemical classes. In addition, a market basket survey might include pesticides not used in the USA but for which import tolerances exist. For example, some uses of the parathion family of pesticides on food products have been abandoned in the USA but remain in other countries that export the products to the USA. A market basket survey offers a means to evaluate actual dietary exposures to residues of such pesticides. In addition, tolerance expressions frequently include multiple compounds, all of which must typically be determined in residue field trials. The sponsor of the market basket survey must decide whether to analyze for all compounds in the applicable tolerance expression or to restrict the program to selected analytes, such as the active ingredient. 

Nonpharmacologic therapy such as dietary, physical, and behavioral approaches should be considered first. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) 10 to 25 mg three to four times daily alone or in combination with an antihistamine such as doxylamine is often used for NVP.9,11,12 This combination was previously marketed as Bendectin or Debendox but was withdrawn due to concerns over possible teratogenic effects, although the literature did not support this claim.11,12 Pyridoxine is well tolerated, but doxylamine and other antihistamines commonly cause drowsiness. For more severe NVP, promethazine, meto-clopramide, and trimethobenzamide may be effective and have not been associated with teratogenic effects.9... 

Long -term sequelae of chronic pancreatitis include dietary malabsorption, impaired glucose tolerance, cholangitis, and potential addiction to opioid analgesics. 

There were four major changes made by the FQPA in how the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) evaluates pesticide dietary risks and makes tolerance decisions ... 

Successful management of urea cycle defects involves a low-protein diet to minimize ammonia production as well as medications that enable the excretion of ammonia nitrogen in forms other than urea. Protein restriction is the mainstay of therapy. In patients with severe disease, tolerance for dietary protein may be so limited that it is not possible to support growth. 

Preston, A.M., R.P. Dowdy, M.A. Preston, and J.N. Freeman. 1976. Effect of dietary chromium on glucose tolerance and serum cholesterol in guinea pigs. Jour. Nutr. 106 1391-1397. 

Miller, P.A., R.P. Lanno, M.E. McMaster, and D.G. Dixon. 1993. Relative contributions of dietary and waterborne copper to tissue copper burdens and waterborne-copper tolerance in rainbow trout (Onco-rhynchus mykiss). Canad. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50 1683-1689. 

Livestock and small laboratory animals are comparatively resistant to zinc, as judged by their tolerance for extended periods to dietary loadings >100 times the minimum recommended daily zinc requirement (Table 9.8). Nevertheless, excessive zinc intake through inhalation or oral exposure can have dramatic effects on survival, metabolism, and well being. Sensitive species of mammals were affected at 90 to 300 mg Zn/kg diet, >300 mg Zn/L drinking water, >90 mg/kg BW daily, >350 mg Zn/kg BW as a single oral dose, and >0.8 mg Zn/m3 air (Table 9.8). 

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