Tin-antimony alloys

Q Britannia metal is harder than pewter. This tin-antimony alloy s properties can be varied by the addition of zinc, copper, lead, or bismuth. o When heat from a fire melts the Wood s metal plug in a sprinkler head, water that was held back by the plug is freed. 

With the use of a high-speed electroplating method (at currents above the limiting current density), Peled and Ulus" were able to produce two nanosize tin-antimony alloys. The first, with low antimony content, had higher reversible capacity (up to 700 mAh/g), a lower irreversible capacity, a better rate... 

The phases in the tin-antimony and tin-bismuth alloys have been investigated. Compounds of stoichiometry SnSb, Sn4Sb2, Sn3Sb2, SnSba and Sn3Bi have been claimed. The tin-antimony alloys form the basis of the so-called brittania metal and algiers metal. 

Lead-tin-antimony alloys have traditionally found application in the production of type metals for the printing industry and for (white metal or babbit ) bearings which have been widely used in transport and other applications. 

Excellent antifriction properties and good hardness (qv) make lead—antimony—tin alloys suitable for journal bearings. The alloys contain 9—15 wt % antimony and 1—20 wt % tin and may also contain copper and arsenic, which improve compression, fatigue, and creep strength important in bearings. Lead—antimony—tin bearing alloys are Hsted in ASTM B23-92 (7). 

Low (2—5 wt %) antimony, low (2—5 wt %) tin lead alloys are used for automobde body solder. Special lead—antimony alloys containing 1—4 wt % antimony are used for wheel-balancing weights, battery cable clamps, collapsible tubes, and highly machined isotope pots. 

Solders. In spite of the wide use and development of solders for millennia, as of the mid-1990s most principal solders are lead- or tin-based alloys to which a small amount of silver, zinc, antimony, bismuth, and indium or a combination thereof are added. The principal criterion for choosing a certain solder is its melting characteristics, ie, soHdus and Hquidus temperatures and the temperature spread or pasty range between them. Other criteria are mechanical properties such as strength and creep resistance, physical properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance. 

Recycling of antimony provides a large proportion of the domestic supply of antimony. Secondary antimony is obtained from the treatment of antimony-hearing lead and tin scrap such as battery plates, type metal, beating metal, antimonial lead, etc. The scrap are charged iato blast furnaces, reverberatory furnaces, or rotary furnaces, and an impure lead bulHon or lead alloy is produced. Pure lead or antimony is then added to meet the specifications of the desired lead—antimony alloy. 

Type metal, another tin—antimony—lead alloy, is used primarily in reHef or letterpress printing. Antimony is added to increase hardness, minimize shrinkage, permit sharp definition, and reduce the melting point of the alloy. There has been a substantial decrease in the use of type metals as a result of the emergence of less expensive typesetting techniques. 

Precision dupHcation, durabiHty, and metallic beauty have made antimonial alloys, such as pewter and britannia metal, desirable for decorative castings. Several different tin—base and lead-base antimony alloys are used in the jewelry industry. These alloys are typically cast in mbber or siHcone molds. 

Of the elements normally present in tin-rich alloys, lead forms a simple eutectic system with a eutectic composition at 63% Sn, and copper and antimony have a small solid solubility and form the intermetallic compounds Cu Sn, and SbSn respectively. ... 

Many of uses of tin are also those of lead, because the metals form useful alloys. When lead is alloyed with a few percent of tin, it becomes harder and more durable. Although other compositions are produced, common solder consists of about an equal mixture of tin and lead. An alloy known as type metal contains about 82% Pb, 15% Sb, and 3% Sn, and pewter contains approximately 90% tin that is alloyed with copper and antimony. Babbitt, an alloy used in making bearings, contains 90% Sn, 7% Sb, and 3% Cu. Tin is also used to coat other metal objects to retard corrosion, and a tin-niobium alloy is used in superconducting magnets. 

Time-weighted average (TWA), 74 215 concentration, 25 372 exposure limit, for tantalum, 24 334 Time-Zero SX-70 film, 79 303, 305-307 Tin (Sn). See Lead-antimony-tin alloys Lead- calcium-tin alloys Lead-lithium-tin alloys Lead-tin alloys, 24 782-800. See also Tin alloys Tin compounds allotropes of, 24 786 analytical methods for, 24 790-792 in antimony alloys, 3 52t atomic structure of, 22 232 in barium alloys, 3 344, 4 12t bismuth recovery from concentrates, 4 5-6... 

Antimony alloys have many commercial applications. The metal makes its alloys hard and stiff and imparts resistance to corrosion. Such alloys are used in battery grids and parts, tank linings, pipes and pumps. The lead plates in the lead storage batteries constitute 94% lead and 6% antimony. Babbit metal, an alloy of antimony, tin, and copper is used to make antifriction machine bearings. Alloys made from very high purity grade antimony with indium, gallium and bismuth are used as infrared detectors, diodes, hall effect devices and thermoelectric coolers. 

Therefore, passivation of the positive electrode by poorly conducting PbS04 can be reduced [348]. The porosity is important because it enables the expansion during the solid phase volume increase, which accompanies the transformation of Pb02 to PbS04. In the most popular construction, the electrode paste material (mixture of metallic lead with lead oxides) is held in a framework composed of lead alloys with additions of tin, antimony, selenium, and calcium [348]. Antimony improves the mechanical stability however, it increases the resistance and facilitates the selfdischarge of the battery. Better results are obtained for low antimony content and/or for lead-calcium alloys [203]. Methods of positive electrodes improvement, from the point of view of lead oxide technology have been discussed [350]. Influence of different factors on life cycle, nature, and composition of the positive active mass has been studied by Pavlov with coworkers [200, 351, 352]. 

Bearing alloys -lead-antimony-tm [ANTIMONY AND ANTIMONY ALLOYS] (Vol 3) -tellunumm [TELLURIUMAND TELLURIUM COMPOUNDS] (Vol 23) -tin-antimony-copper [ANTIMONY AND ANTIMONY ALLOYS] (Vol 3)... 

Solder -antimony m [ANTIMONY AND ANTIMONY ALLOYS] (Vol 3) -arsenic m [ARSENIC AND ARSENIC ALLOYS] (Vol 3) -lead m [LEAD COMPOUNDS - INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY] (Vol 15) -masks as electronics coatings [ELECTRONICS, COATINGS] (Vol 9) -as metallic coatings [METALLIC COATINGS - SURVEY] (Vol 16) -thin films of [IHIN FILMS - FILM FORMATION TECHNIQUES] (Vol 23) -tin alloys as [TIN AND TIN ALLOYS] (Vol 24) -use of selenium m [SELENIUMAND SELENIUM COMPOUNDS] (Vol 21)... 

Solders -for dental materials [DENTAL MATERIALS] (Vol 7) -for electronic packaging [PACKAGING - ELECTRONIC MATERIALS] (Vol 17) -for gold alloys [GOLD AND GOLD COMPOUNDS] (Vol 12) -lead m [LEAD] (Vol 15) -lead-antimony alloys for [LEAD ALOYS] (Vol 15) -lead-silver alloys [LEAD ALOYS] (Vol 15) -phosphorus compounds m [PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS] (Vol 18) -tin compounds m [TIN COMPOUNDS] (Vol 24)... 

Further additions of bismuth, cadmium, and antimony to the tin-lead alloys result in the low inching or "fusible" alloys widely used as safety... 

Lead—tin alloys, 4877 Lead—zirconium alloys, 4878 Lithium—magnesium alloy, 4676 Lithium—tin alloys, 4677 Plutonium bismuthide, 0231 Potassium antimonide, 4668 Potassium—sodium alloy, 4641 Silicon—zirconium alloys, 4904 Silver—aluminium alloy, 0002 Silvered copper, 0003 Sodium germanide, 4412 Sodium—antimony alloy, 4791 Sodium—zinc alloy, 4792 Titanium—zirconium alloys, 4915... 

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