Metal containers types

AHoy scrap containing tin is handled by secondary smelters as part of their production of primary metals and alloys lead refineries accept solder, tin drosses, babbitt, and type metal. This type of scrap is remelted, impurities such as iron, copper, antimony, and zinc are removed, and the scrap is returned to the market as binary or ternary alloy. The dross obtained by cleaning up the scrap metal is returned to the primary refining process. 

Under the low pH dyebath conditions, 2 1 complexes of the sulfo-containing types, disproportionate iato a 1 1 complex and metal-free dye. At higher pH, 2 1 complexes are stable, but they do not yieldlevel dyeiags of dye to their ionized substituents (SO )-... 

Commercial ethyl alcohol is shipped in railroad tank cars, tank tmcks, 208-L (55-gal) and 19-L (5-gal) dmms, and in smaller glass or metal containers having capacities of 0.473 L (one pint), 0.946 L (one quart), 3.785 L (one U.S. gal), or 4.545 L (one Imperial gal). The 208-L dmms may be of the unlined iron type. If a guarantee of more meticulous quaUty is desired, the dmms may be lined with phenoHc resin. AH containers, of course, must comply with the specifications of the U.S. Department of Transportation. Both 190 proof and 200 proof ethyl alcohol are considered red label (flammable) materials by the DOT, as both have flash points below 37.8°C by the Tag closed-cup method. 

The principal effects of air pollutants on metals are corrosion of the surface, with eventual loss of material from the surface, and alteration in the electrical properties of the metals. Metals are divided into two categories—ferrous and nonferrous. Ferrous metals contain iron and include various types of steel. Nonferrous metals, such as zinc, aluminum, copper, and silver, do not contain iron. 

In metal-enclosed assemblies, the equipment is contained within a grounded metal enclosure. In metal-clad types, separate compartments are provided for the circuit interrupter, the components connected to one side of the interrupter (e.g. the cable box) and those connected to the other side of the interrupter (e.g. the busbar chamber and the control equipment). 

We have already learned that metals may be deformed easily and we have explained this in terms of the absence of directional character in metallic bonding. In view of this principle, it is not surprising that two-element or three-element metallic crystals exist. In some of these, regular arrangements of two or more types of atoms are found. The composition then is expressed in simple integer ratios, so these are called metallic compounds. In other cases, a fraction of the atoms of the major constituent have been replaced by atoms of one or more other elements. Such a substance is called a solid solution. These metals containing two or more types of atoms are called alloys. 

In acid-base titrations the end point is generally detected by a pH-sensitive indicator. In the EDTA titration a metal ion-sensitive indicator (abbreviated, to metal indicator or metal-ion indicator) is often employed to detect changes of pM. Such indicators (which contain types of chelate groupings and generally possess resonance systems typical of dyestuffs) form complexes with specific metal ions, which differ in colour from the free indicator and produce a sudden colour change at the equivalence point. The end point of the titration can also be evaluated by other methods including potentiometric, amperometric, and spectrophotometric techniques. 

Recently some information became available on a new type of highly active one-component ethylene polymerization catalyst. This catalyst is prepared by supporting organometallic compounds of transition metals containing different types of organic ligands [e.g. benzyl compounds of titanium and zirconium 9a, 132), 7r-allyl compounds of various transition metals 8, 9a, 133), 7r-arene 134, 185) and 71-cyclopentadienyl 9, 136) complexes of chromium]. 

Beer. Laboratory results obtained by Jimenez and Gauldin (19) as well as commercial experience have shown that beer in aluminum cans is superior in flavor, color, and clarity to beer packed in tinplate cans. Table V summarizes the effect of aluminum and iron on beer stored for six months in the two types of metal containers. Aluminum ends used in conjunction with tinplate or tin-free-steel can bodies increases the shelf... 

This type of catalyst is not limited to nickel other examples are Raney-cobalt, Raney-copper and Raney-ruthenium. When dry, these catalysts are pyrophoric upon contact with air. Usually they are stored under water, which enables their use without risk. The pyrophoric character is due to the fact that the metal is highly dispersed, so in contact with oxygen fast oxidation takes place. Moreover, the metal contains hydrogen atoms and this adds to the pyrophoric nature. Besides the combustion of the metal also ignition of organic vapours present in the atmosphere can occur. Before start of the reaction it is a standard procedure to replace the water by organic solvents but care should be taken to exclude oxygen. Often alcohol is used. The water is decanted and the wet catalyst is washed repeatedly with alcohol. After several washes with absolute alcohol the last traces of water are removed. 

Precious metal vein-type deposits include enrichments in Au, Ag, Hg, Te, Se, Sb, As, S, and Bi. Base metal vein-type deposits contain Pb, Zn, Mn, Ag and Cu, whereas Kuroko deposits are enriched in Cu, Pb, Au, Ag and Ba. 

Several active geothermal systems in Japanese Islands are associated with precious- and base-metal mineralization. Base metal mineralization takes place from hot springs containing high chloride concentration probably due to the contribution of seawater. Precious-metal mineralization occurs in the Osorezan hot springs which are characterized by neutral pH, high H2S concentration, and low salinity. These chemical features are similar to those of epithermal precious metal vein-type deposits in Japan. 

According to the homogeneous model, the metal-containing materials (in particular iron and nickel) and the silicate-containing material of the primeval solar cloud condensed out at about the same time. The proto-Earth thus formed was composed of a mixture of these two types of matter, which differed greatly in their densities. At that time, the Earth s temperature was probably only a few hundred degrees, and... 

Many of uses of tin are also those of lead, because the metals form useful alloys. When lead is alloyed with a few percent of tin, it becomes harder and more durable. Although other compositions are produced, common solder consists of about an equal mixture of tin and lead. An alloy known as type metal contains about 82% Pb, 15% Sb, and 3% Sn, and pewter contains approximately 90% tin that is alloyed with copper and antimony. Babbitt, an alloy used in making bearings, contains 90% Sn, 7% Sb, and 3% Cu. Tin is also used to coat other metal objects to retard corrosion, and a tin-niobium alloy is used in superconducting magnets. 

The presence of the cyclic backbone in ligands of this type makes a substantial contribution to their metal-ion complexing ability even though coordination involves donors which are not directly incorporated in the ring fragment. The origins of the enhanced stability of the metal-containing species may be considered to reflect the operation of an indirect macrocyclic effect (see Chapter 6) in these systems. 

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