Thickeners anionic

Thickener L 75 N thickener, aliphatic systems Bentone SD-1 thickener, alkaline latex Alcogum VEP-I Alcogum VEP-II thickener, alkaline systems DeTHOXACIDS-8 thickener, alkyd paints Dehysol Solthlx 250 Wacker HDK HI 5 Wacker HDK T30 Wacker HDK T40 thickener, alkyds Bentone 38V Bentone SD-3 Dlhydrogenated tallow benzylmonium hectorite Rllanit HT-EZ thickener, anionic liq. surfactants Tylose HI00000YP2 thickener, anionic systems Tafigel AP1/1... 

Uses High foaming detergent for nonirritating shampoos, skin cleansers, other cosmetics ultra-mild detoxifies and thickens anionics Properties Amber vise, liq. sp.gr. 1.09 dens. 9.1 Ib/gal pH 9.2 (10%) Draves wetting 5 s (1%) 30% act., 36% total solids Environmental Biodeg. 

Surfactants evaluated in surfactant-enhanced alkaline flooding include internal olefin sulfonates (259,261), linear alkyl xylene sulfonates (262), petroleum sulfonates (262), alcohol ethoxysulfates (258,261,263), and alcohol ethoxylates/anionic surfactants (257). Water-thickening polymers, either xanthan or polyacrylamide, can reduce injected fluid mobiHty in alkaline flooding (264) and surfactant-enhanced alkaline flooding (259,263). The combined use of alkah, surfactant, and water-thickening polymer has been termed the alkaH—surfactant—polymer (ASP) process. Cross-linked polymers have been used to increase volumetric sweep efficiency of surfactant—polymer—alkaline agent formulations (265). 

When aluminium is immersed in water, the air-formed oxide film of amorphous 7-alumina initially thickens (at a faster rate than in air) and then an outer layer of crystalline hydrated alumina forms, which eventually tends to stifle the reaction In near-neutral air-saturated solutions, the corrosion of aluminium is generally inhibited by anions which are inhibitive for iron, e.g. chromate, benzoate, phosphate, acetate. Inhibition also occurs in solutions containing sulphate or nitrate ions, which are aggressive towards iron. Aggressive anions for aluminium include the halide ions F ,... 

Quaternary ammonium compounds are cationic surfactants that bind well to anionic surfaces like the protein in hair. The ammonium end sticks to the hair, leaving the long fatty end of the molecule to act as a lubricant. They are slightly conductive, so they reduce the buildup of static electricity. Quats, as they are sometimes called, include compounds like stearalkonium chloride, disteardimonium chloride, quaternium-5, or quaternium-18, polyquaternium-10 and they are all similar in form and function to cetrimonium chloride. These compounds are also widely used as fabric softeners, for all of the same reasons they make good hair conditioners. They are also used to thicken the shampoo. 

The reaction product with monoethanolamine acts as a thickening agent [41,101] and with alcohols as an emollient [40]. Also reaction products with amino acids and oligo- or polypeptides for use in cosmetic formulations are known [43]. Sorbitan esters from ether carboxylates are described as emulsifiers or mild surfactants in cosmetic formulations [39] and alkyl ether carboxylic acid taurides as nonirritant anionic surfactants for cosmetic cleaners in particular [44]. Using unsaturated ether carboxylates it is possible to make viscous formulations based on combinations of unsaturated and saturated ether carboxylates [111]. Highly purified alkyl ether carboxylates based on alcohol ethoxylates with low free alcohol content have also been described [112]. 

Anionic galactomannans, which are derived from guar gum, in which the hydroxyl groups are partially esterified with sulfonate groups that result from 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and l-allyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl sulfonic acid [1872], have been claimed to be suitable as thickeners. The composition is capable of producing enhanced viscosities, when used either alone or in combination with a cationic polymer and distributed in a solvent. 

Both nonionic and anionic surfactants have been evaluated in this application (488,489) including internal olefin sulfonates (487, 490), linear alkylxylene sulfonates (490), petroleum sulfonates (491), alcohol ethoxysulfates (487,489,492). Ethoxylated alcohols have been added to some anionic surfactant formulations to improve interfacial properties (486). The use of water thickening polymers, either xanthan or polyacrylamide to reduce injected fluid mobility mobility has been proposed for both alkaline flooding (493) and surfactant enhanced alkaline flooding (492). Crosslinked polymers have been used to increase volumetric sweep efficiency of surfactant - polymer - alkaline agent formulations (493). 

A major drawback of synthetic thickeners when used with dyes is their sensitivity to electrolytes. Most soluble dyes behave as highly ionised electrolytes and disperse dyes contain anionic polyelectrolyte dispersing agents unless they have been formulated with nonionic systems specifically for use with acrylic thickeners. Consequently there is a loss of viscosity this can be quite pronounced although it depends on circumstances, particularly on the dye concentration. As already mentioned, this can be alleviated to some extent by copolymerisation with acrylamide during manufacture. Otherwise it is necessary to try to eliminate all electrolytes from the system or to increase the concentration of thickener. Such measures have their limitations in practice, however. Alternative synthetic thickening... 

The military also identifies the following "nonstandard" decontaminants Detrochlorite (thickened bleach mixture of diatomaceous earth, anionic wetting agent, calcium hypochlorite, and water), 3% aqueous peracetic acid solution, 1% aqueous hyamine solution, and a 10% aqueous sodium or potassium hydroxide solution. 

Use anionic polymers such as polyacrylic acids cross-linked with allyl ethers of pentaerythritol or sucrose as thickeners, if a gel structure and pseudoplastic (shear-thinning) properties are desirable. Consider adding colloidal alumina to further increase the viscosity at pH 13 [ 15]. 

Age thickening is a common defect of UHT sterile milk concentrate, which has received less drastic heat treatment than conventionally sterilized evaporated milk (Harwalker 1982). Age thickening is promoted by high milk solids content, addition of alkali to raise the pH, and addition of citrate, phosphate, and other anions that lower the Ca ion activity. Conversely, addition of Ca ions improves stability of the product against age thickening. 

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