Thermoplastics manufacture

Cellulose acetate (CA), cellulose acetobutyrate (CAB) cellulose propionate (CP), Thermoplastics manufactured from cellulose by esterification with acetic acid (CA), acetic acid and butyric acid (CAB), or propionic acid (CP). Their products are characterized by high impact strength, transparency (without filler), and oil resistance. Examples of applications consumer goods, toys, combs, keys for music instruments and business machines, spectacle frames, photographic films. CA fibres are used for underwear, neckties, etc. Trade names Cellidor (FRG), Setilithe (B), Tenite (USA). 

Chlorinated polyether, A thermoplastic manufactured from pentaerythrite — C(CH20H)4 — and hydrogen chloride. High chemical resistance and thermal stability (up to 120 °C). Applications pipes, fittings, pumps for the chemical industry. Trade name Penton (USA). 

Ethyl cellulose. A thermoplastic manufactured by reacting soda cellulose with chlo-roethane. Applications fire extinguisher parts, electrical components, flashlight bodies. Trade name Ampec (USA). 

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is by volume the second largest thermoplastic manufactured in the world [35]. The world PVC demand in 2003 was about 28 million tonnes and the predicted annual growth rate of world PVC demand is close to 4% [36]. The sustainable expansion of the PVC industry is due to the high versatility of PVC as a plastic raw material together with its low price. A review of the qualitative and quantitative aspects of PVC polymerization can be found in Smallwood [35], Burgess [37], Langsam [38], TorneU and Uustalu [39],Xie etal. [40,41] and Yuan etaZ. [42]. Four polymerization processes (i.e., suspension, bulk, emulsion and solution) are commercially employed in PVC manufacturing. 

In general, the suspension polymerization can be distinguished into two types, namely, the bead and powder suspension polymerization [4]. In the former process, the polymer is soluble in its monomer and smooth spherical particles are produced. In the later process, the polymer is insoluble in its monomer and, thus, precipitates out leading to the formation of irregular grains or particles. The most important thermoplastic produced by the bead suspension polymerization process is PS. In the presence ofvolatile hydrocarbons (C4—C6), foamable beads, the so-called EPS, are produced. On the other hand, PVC, which is the second largest thermoplastic manufactured in the world, is an example of the powder type suspension polymerization. 

Novolak Phenol/formaldehyde condensate. Phenolic-aldehydic resin, which, unless a source of methylene groups is added, remains permanently thermoplastic. Manufactured by Dynamit Nobel, Germany. 

Concentrates (also known as masterbatches) of bicyclic dicaiboxylate salt (e.g., disodium bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylate, commercial product known as HPN-68) are nucleating additives used to facilitate typical thermoplastic manufacturing processes. " They impart high peak crystallization temperatures. They are suitable for use in small and large appliances. ... 

The polyamides are thermoplastics manufactured by condensation polymerization of adipic acid, HOOC-(CH2)4-C00H, and hexamethylene diamine, H2N-(CH2)6-NH2. The resulting polymer has a linear structure with a repeating unit of -0C-(CH2)4C0NH-(CH2)6-NH-. Other polyamides can be polymerized from caprolactam and water. 

Rausch J, Mader E. Health monitoring in continuous glass fibre reinforced thermoplastics manufacturing and apphcation of interphase sensors based on carbon nanotubes. Compos Sci Technol 2010 70(11) 1589-96. 

The homopolymer of 3-hydroxybutyric acid or poly(3HB) is the prototype biodegradable PHA that is naturally produced by many bacteria. Because poly(3HB) is a crystalline and relatively brittle substance, it is not a suitable substitute for the commonly used thermoplastics manufactured from petrochemicals. Copolymers of hydroxyalkanoic acids, on the other hand, are less brittle and more elastic. Therefore, a major area of research on PHA is to develop organisms that can produce PHA copolymers with better mechanical properties and biodegradabflity. 

A., and Hamada, H. (2006) A novel technique for thermoplastics manufacturing of unidirectional composites reinforced with jute yams. Composites Part A, 37, 2274-2284. 

Acetal homopolymer is a highly crystalline thermoplastic manufactured by polymerization of formaldehyde and capping the two ends of the polymer chain with acetate groups (Table 6.2). It is called polyoxymethylene (POM) and has a backbone consisted of repeating —CH2O—units. Acetal copolymers are produced by copolymerization of trioxane and small amounts of a comonomer. The comonomer randomly distributes carbon—carbon bonds in the polymer chain, which stabilizes the resin against environmental degradation. The low cost of acetals compared to other polymers with similar performance and their mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties, allows them to replace metal and other structural materials in many applications. 

Nylon A class of synthetic fibres and plastics, polyamides. Manufactured by condensation polymerization of ct, oj-aminomonocarboxylic acids or of aliphatic diamines with aliphatic dicarboxylic acids. Also rormed specifically, e.g. from caprolactam. The different Nylons are identified by reference to the carbon numbers of the diacid and diamine (e.g. Nylon 66 is from hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid). Thermoplastic materials with high m.p., insolubility, toughness, impact resistance, low friction. Used in monofilaments, textiles, cables, insulation and in packing materials. U.S. production 1983 11 megatonnes. 

Copolymerisation of vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride yields resins of desirable properties they are strong and adhesive, thermoplastic, and are suitable for the manufacture of synthetic fibre (Vinyon). 

Uses. The largest uses of butanediol are internal consumption in manufacture of tetrahydrofuran and butyrolactone (145). The largest merchant uses are for poly(butylene terephthalate) resins (see Polyesters,thermoplastic) and in polyurethanes, both as a chain extender and as an ingredient in a hydroxyl-terminated polyester used as a macroglycol. Butanediol is also used as a solvent, as a monomer for vadous condensation polymers, and as an intermediate in the manufacture of other chemicals. 

Uses. Vinyhdene fluoride is used for the manufacture of PVDF and for copolymerization with many fluorinated monomers. One commercially significant use is the manufacture of high performance fluoroelastomers that include copolymers of VDF with hexafluoropropylene (HFP) (62) or chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) (63) and terpolymers with HEP and tetrafluoroethylene (TEE) (64) (see Elastomers, synthetic-fluorocarbon elastomers). There is intense commercial interest in thermoplastic copolymers of VDE with HEP (65,66), CTEE (67), or TEE (68). Less common are copolymers with trifluoroethene (69), 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-trifluoromethylpropene (70), or hexafluoroacetone (71). Thermoplastic terpolymers of VDE, HEP, and TEE are also of interest as coatings and film. A thermoplastic elastomer that has an elastomeric VDE copolymer chain as backbone and a grafted PVDE side chain has been developed (72). 

Applications. Among the P—O- and P—N-substituted polymers, the fluoroalkoxy- and aryloxy-substituted polymers have so far shown the greatest commercial promise (14—16). Both poly[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] [27290-40-0] and poly(diphenoxyphosphazene) [28212-48-8] are microcrystalline, thermoplastic polymers. However, when the substituent symmetry is dismpted with a randomly placed second substituent of different length, the polymers become amorphous and serve as good elastomers. Following initial development of the fluorophosphazene elastomers by the Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., both the fluoroalkoxy (EYPEL-F) and aryloxy (EYPEL-A) elastomers were manufactured by the Ethyl Corp. in the United States from the mid-1980s until 1993 (see ELASTOLffiRS,SYNTHETic-PHOSPHAZENEs). 

Flame-Retardant Filler. Demand has increased for Mg(OH)2 as a nonhalogenated, flame-retardant filler for thermoplastics used in the aerospace, microelectronics, and cable and wire manufacturing industries (90). Producers of nonhalogenated, flame retardant fillers include Kyowa, Aluisuisse-Lonza (Magnifin product line), Morton, and a Dead Sea Periclase/Dead Sea Bromine joint venture (91). 

Phenols. The first stable ozone oxidation product of phenol in water is ds ds-raucomc acid, which requires - 2 mol O /mol phenol. In practice, larger dosage levels of ozone are required because other ozone-reactive substances are present in most wastes. Ozone oxidation of phenoHc effluents is employed in paper mills, coke mills, oil refineries, and thermoplastic resin manufacture, producing effluents that are safe to freshwater biota (122,123) (see Lignin Pulp). 

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