Fire applications

Rouson, D., S.R. Tieszen, and G. Evans, Modeling convection heat transfer and turbulence with fire applications A high temperature vertical plate and a methane fire, in Proceedings of the Summer Program. 2002, Center for Turbulence Research, Stanford University, pp. 53-70. 

The processes described by Equation (7.3) are complex and require an elaborate analysis to make precise determinations of flg. By making appropriate estimates of each of the time components, we can considerably simplify practical ignition analyses for most typical fire applications. Again, we are just considering piloted-flaming ignition but autoignition can be similarly described. 

The above discussion lays out the physics and chemical aspect of the processes in a compartment fire. They are coupled phenomena and do not necessarily lend themselves to exact solutions. They must be linked through an application of the conservation equations as developed in Chapter 3. The ultimate system of equations is commonly referred to as zone modeling for fire applications. There are many computer codes available that represent this type of modeling. They can be effective for predictions if the... 

Open floating-roof tanks Rim seal fire Overfill ground fire Obstructed full liquid surface fire Unobstructed full surface fire Application of fire water to the roof area should be carefully controlled to prevent overloading and sinking the roof when fighting a rim seal fire. 

In particular, on larger power boilers, the volume required to protect the system is important. Often, in direct fire applications more than one SRV is necessary to protect the system in that case the sum of the SRV capacities marked on the valves shall be equal to or greater than W. 

Virtually all CFD fire models assume low Mach number flow, which is adequate in typical fire application, but not for high velocity cases and explosions. Inclusion of the compressibility effects in fire simulations would increase the computational cost considerably. One of the few compressible fire models is the Uintah Computational Framework developed at C-SAFE project of the University of Utah [7],... 

The HD configuration is used mostly in coal-fired applications because the temperature of the flue gas between the economizer and the air preheater is optimal for the catalyst activity ( 3(K)-400X) and because dust removal is usually accomplished by means of cold electrostatic precipitators. Ammonia slip must be kept at low levels (<5 ppm or even below 2-3 ppm), and SO2 oxidation must be as low as 0.5-1.0% in order to minimize the formation and deposition of ammonium sulfates in the heat exchanger and in the fly ash. 

Commercial Activities. CIL has now begun marketing wood gasification technology for direct fuel firing applications. 

Radiant tubes are used in industry for heat treatment applications in which products are treated under a protective gas atmosphere within heat treatment furnaces. Therefore the heating of such furnaces are performed with indirect fuel-fired systems or electrical heating elements. For indirect fired applications, the flue gas of the combustion process can not enter into the furnace. The combustion takes place within radiant tubes and the heat is transferred—via radiation—from the outer surface of the tube to the process. There are different types of radiant tubes available. For all types the maximum transferred heat is one of the important features of such systems. That means that the maximum radiant tube temperature and the temperature uniformity are important characteristics of radiant tubes. Another issue is the efficiency of the radiant tubes. In... 

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) using ammonia as the reductant provides NOx reduction levels of greater than 80%. Three types of catalyst systems have been deployed commercially noble metal, base metal and zeolites. Noble metals are typically washcoated on inert ceramic or metal monoliths and used for particulate-free, low sulfur exhausts. They function at the lower end of the SCR temperature range (460-520°F) and are susceptible to inhibition by SOx [14]. Base metal vanadia-titania catalysts may either be washcoated or extruded into honeycombs [11]. Typically washcoated catalysts are only used for treating particulate-free, clean gas exhausts. Extruded monoliths are used in particulate-laden coal and oil-fired applications. The temperature window for these catalysts is 600-750°F. Zeolites may also be washcoated or extruded into honeycombs. They function at relatively high temperatures of 650-940°F [15]. Zeolites may be loaded with metal cations (such as Fe, Cu) to broaden the temperature window [16]. 

Q3. Why aren t regenerative burners or oxy-fuel firing applicable to soaking pits ... 

Johnson, D.K., Tilhnan, D.A., Miller, B.G., Pisupati, S.V., and Clifford, D.J. 2001. Characterizing biomass fuels for CO firing applications. Proceedings. 2001 Joint International Combustion Symposium. American Flame Research Committee, Kauai, Hawaii, September. 

SCR systems were installed first in Japan starting from the late 1970s on both industrial and utility plants for gas-, oil-, and coal-fired applications (7). SCR technology has also vmdergone a wide diffusion in Europe, since 1985 when it has been introduced in Austria and West Germany. This technology presently accounts for more than 90-95% of De-NOjc fine gas treatments in Europe. SCR applications in the United States were at first confined to Gas Turbines and were primarily located in California, but presently SCR systems have been installed in several industrial boilers, thermal power plants, and cogeneration units all over the United States. Several SCR plants have been installed also in Far East (eg, China and Republic of South Korea). 

The discussion of headspace methods for blood alcohol and solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) in Section 4.2 introduced the concept of creating an enriched head-space above a sample. Headspace methods may be passive or active and may involve heating the sample. Dynamic headspace (DHS) methods, used in arson analyses, exploit the equilibrium at the liquid-sample interface by sweeping tire headspace with a constant stream of gas, usually helium. DHS is also referred to as purge-and-trap (FT), allhough the latter can also mean a specific t) of sample preconcentrator used in environmental analysis. The trap material can be thermally desorbed or desorbed wifii a solvent. The thermal method is preferred, but is not always possible. The choice of trapping or sorbent materials depends on fire application arson typically requires charcoal or charcoal combinations. 

Scott Health Safety s Protege is a technologically advanced, feature-rich portable multi-gas monitor for industrial and fire applications. This easy-to-operate, easy-to-maintain gas monitor is rugged for use in harsh environments, yet lightweight enough for everyday work activities for the detection of oxygen, combustibles, hydrogen sulfide and/or carbon monoxide. Scott Health Safety, a business unit of Tyco International, www. scotthealthsafety.com, (800) 247-7257. Cade 2S6... 

E. Liang et al., Thick Film Materials System for Air and Nitrogen Firing Applications, Proc. IEEE 36th Elec. Comp. Conf, pp. 493-500,1986. 

Typical space velocities for combustion turbine (clean fuel) applications are between 12,000 and 22,000 hr" for ceramic honeycomb catalysts (Pritchard, 1994), but lower for the plate-type catalysts (Campobenedetto, 1994). (Note In coal-fired applications for both types of catalysts, the space velocities are lower and their ranges closer because wider openings are required in the ceramic honeycomb type catalyst.) For platinum catalysts, which are less widely used in these applications, higher space velocities are possible. 

Figure 10-12 shows the relationship between NO, reduction, flue gas temperature, and SO2 to SO3 conversion for a given catalyst composition and volume. The SO2 to SO3 conversion is typically maintained below 3% for many applications and below 1% for coal-fired applications (Cohen, 1993). 

Levelized costs have also dropped because guaranteed catalyst life is now typically seven-years vs. the two years used several years ago for coal-fired applications. The seven-year catalyst life is based on about 10 SCRs in Japan with Hitachi catalyst that operated over five years with no catalyst replacement. Half of these SCRs operated over seven years with no catalyst replacement. 

Mixtures of butadiene-styrene copolymer (or polybutadiene) with natural rubber are often mixed with low molecular weight paraffin wax (C H2 + 2) in fire applications. The rubber components maintain their near miscibility. The paraffin wax however precipitates out and migrates to the air interface and acts as an antidegradent layer [21]. 

AS 3814 — 2005, Australian Standard, Industrial and Commercial Gas-fired Applications. 

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