The Wheat Seed

About 80% of the fS-amviase present in wheat flour is associated with glutenins. Although acid proteases and peptidases are present in the wheat seed they do not normally cause problems in the bakery. 

Grind the wheat seeds in a mill (rotor speed mill). 

Pre-germination. Surface-sterilized seeds of the wheat genotypes were each soaked in sterilized water for imbibition of water in light at 25°C for 24 h and then rinsed with fresh sterilised water. The wheat seeds were then incubated in light at 25°C for another 24 h. 

The parameters indicate that the same iron configuration exists in the wheat seeds and bran and in the monoferric solid. The Mbssbauer measurements revealed differences between diferric and monoferric phytate (8). 

Weakly polar CDCI3 medium reduces the freezing temperatnre of WAW (Figure 8.8c and d). The intensity ratio of WAW and SAW changes for the wheat seed roots with increasing germinating time. 

The NMR spectra (Figures 8.8 through 8.10) demonstrate that water bound in the wheat seed roots includes both SAW and WAW but contribution of SBW in WAW is much greater than in SAW because a significant portion of SAW is frozen at 250[Pg.884]

FIGURE 8.13 Incremental size distribution functions of unfrozen water clusters and domains bound in the wheat seed roots after germinating for 3 (a, c) or 7 (b, d) days in different media. 

Wheat germ The germ Is the embryo or sprouting pan of the wheat seed. As an ingredient at speciality breads. Wheat germ is available lor human food, but is lisoally added to animal feeds. 

Johnson, T. C., Wada, K., Buchanan, B. B. and Holmgren, A., 1987, Reduction of purothionin by the wheat seed thiorcdoxin system. Plant Physiol, 85 446. 

Foliar Fungicides and Bactericides. Of the - 70,000 t/yr as copper in compounds used in agriculture, almost 75% is used in the control of fungi (see Fungicides, agricultural). The first reference to the use of copper as a fungicide dates to 1761 (83) where copper sulfate was used on wheat seed for the control of bunt. In 1807 (84) the discovery of copper as a fungicide was made and the discovery of Bourdeaux mixture (copper sulfate plus lime) followed in 1882. 

Miyamoto et al. (101) obtained four fractions from the seed coats of wheat which inhibited development of the wheat embryo. A component from one of the fractions responsible for 20% of the total inhibitor activity was crystallized but not identified. 

The responses of the test seed to increased external osmolarity were determined by germinating the seeds in a polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution of 40.3 mOsm (10). The only test seeds significantly affected by this treatment were those of tomato where PEG-treated seed germination was 69.3% of that observed in deionized water. Dilution of the aqueous extract to 1 32 (w/w) removed all inhibitory action, but the diluted solution increased wheat germination. 

Cereal expression systems are among the most advantageous for field-based recombinant protein production, since they combine intrinsic biosafety features (self-pollination in rice, barley and wheat, seed-specific protein expression) with practical ben-... 

The dry seed crops that have been used as host plants for molecular farming include the cereals maize, rice, wheat and barley (see also Chapter 4), and the grain legumes soybean, pea, pigeon pea and peanut. Maize, rice, wheat, barley, soybean and pea have been investigated as general production platforms, while pigeon pea and peanut have been used solely for the expression of animal vaccine candidates. The major... 

Western civilisation is based on the cultivation of wheat, a practice that seems to have started in Mesopotamia, the area that is currently Iraq. Wheat is a member of the Grammacidae, i.e. it is a member of the grass family. The cultivation of wheat spread from the Middle East across Europe. Settlers took wheat seeds with them to the Americas and started to cultivate wheat there. Those settlers from Great Britain took wheat that had evolved to grow in British conditions. These wheat varieties would grow on the eastern seaboard but were not successful in the American Midwest. Subsequently, however, wheat from Eastern and Central Europe was found to thrive in the Midwest. The cultivation of wheat also spread to Canada and Australia. 

Signs It generally causes little direct loss in either quantity or quality of wheat seed or grain. The fungus invades the kernels and leaves behind waste products with a disagreeable fishy odor or taste that makes the kernels unpalatable for use in flour. 

Although the bioassay of racemic parasorbic acid showed good activity (wheat seed root growth was 50% inhibited with 0.25 mg/mL), the conclusion that little of the growth-retardant activity in cranberry leaves can be accounted for by parasorbic acid was confirmed by examination of Devlin s extract. In this case neither parasorbic acid nor its glucoside was present. Subsequent work by Hussain (12) has resulted in the isolation of two plant growth inhibitors identified as cinnamyl alcohol and 3-pheny1-1-propanol (hydrocinnamyl alcohol). 

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