The Paper

The dipole polarizability also expresses the second-order effect of an electric field on the energy levels of an atom or molecule. We can write, for an atom (which has no dipole moment and therefore, in general, no first-order effect)  

Epstein[ 10] in Pasadena (submitted dates 24.7.1926 and 29.7.1926). A sense of the drama is given by the opening paragraph of Epstein s letter to Nature 

In all three cases, the essential second-order energy shift for a field strength was given by 

Here Pauling s notation has been used for the quantum numbers, namely 

For the ground state of the H atom, n = 1 and m = n3 = 0, so a = 9/2 au. In his own paper Pauling noted that giving equal weight to quantum numbers m and n3, and averaging, 

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Fischer projection A method of representing three-dimensional structures in two-dimensional drawings in which the chiral atom(s) lies in the plane of the paper. The two enantiomeric forms of glyceraldehyde are represented as... 

A fatal accident and some other disasters, which were caused by small cracks, lead to a more strict consideration of the security of these steam drums. Parallel to these the economical pressure, due to the globalisation of the today s industry, lead to the increase of the pressure and the rotation speed of the paper production machines for a higher output of the production, which means, that all safety aspects from the design and the material will be exploited totally. On the other hand cast iron is also not a ductile and comfortable material, like the most steels for the pressure equipment. 

In any case it has to be taken into account, that the paper mills have to reduce their shut down periods to an absolute minimum because of the economical pressure coming from the globalisation of the industry. 

These safety requirements cannot be accepted by the paper mills under the economical pressure of the globalisation. 

A new acoustic emission system (AEBIL Acoustic Emission Binary Localizer) meeting the requirements for continuous on-line structural surveillance of critical conponents of operating plants Is described in the paper. The system is specifically designed to identify and locate structurally significant, spatially concentrated, AE sources in the presence of a high rate of spatially diffuse AE events. The system performance and reliability has been extensively demonstrated in In-plant applications. 

The results of over 1 year of continuous, on-line acoustic emission (AE) structural surveillance of high temperature / high pressure steam headers, gained on 2 M-scale 600MW supercritical multifuel ENEL power units in normal operation, are presented in the paper. The influence of background noise, the correlation between plant operating conditions (steady load, load variations, startup / shutdown transients) and AE activity and the diagnostic evaluation of recorded AE events are also discussed. 

The paper focuses on the presentation and discussion of the results of the application of long term, continuous, AE structural monitoring to 2 large superheated (SH) steam outlet headers, belonging to 2 different full-size (600 MW, supercritical multifuel) ENEL power units. Continuous AE surveillance of the 2 SH headers started in October 1996 and is still ongoing. 

The paper discusses the application of dynamic indentation method and apparatus for the evaluation of viscoelastic properties of polymeric materials. The three-element model of viscoelastic material has been used to calculate the rigidity and the viscosity. Using a measurements of the indentation as a function of a current velocity change on impact with the material under test, the contact force and the displacement diagrams as a function of time are plotted. Experimental results of the testing of polyvinyl chloride cable coating by dynamic indentation method and data of the static tensile test are presented. 

The paper presents the results from systematic comparisons of contrast and resolution obtained with different types of radiation sources on steel thicknesses from 5 to 40 mm. These results have been taken into account with the definitions of the European standard for radiographic inspection of weldments (EN 1435) that is approved since 1997. Conclusions from practical investigations on pipe line sites, in petrochcemical plants and in nuclear power stations will be discussed as well. Furthermore, the presentation will stipulate a variety of advantages obtained from the new source in terras of coUimation and radiation protection. 

The paper documents the results of inspections carried out in a variety of such applications and suggests a procedure to evaluate the application of the method. 

An actual problem of a paper mill was the continuous measurement of the wall thickness of a heated roll which dries the paper in order to avoid severe crashes due to wearing. On one side the roll shall be used as long as possible because of economic aspects and on the other side the roll has to be replaced in time to avoid a severe crash. 

A shear wave transducer with the height H, and the width W on the wedge and at the angle a, transmitted shear waves, at the frequency f and perpendicular to the paper. The limited plane SH Waves were transmitted to the test surface. The height H of the transducer was considered by dividing it into N pieces. On the test surface in the areafW XHl), the transducer vibrated perpendicular to the paper where Hl=H/cos , the... 

This presentation will not attempt to present all these projects, but instead focus on the ongoing network activities and the available sources for further information through the Commission s information services, with the CORDIS database being the prime source of information (see details at the end of the paper). 

The papers on NDT issues are also published by the Defectoscopiya , Instruments and Control Systems, Oil and gas, Shipbuilding and other journals... 

The second task is then analysing the results of the scan. The results can be displayed live on a display screen, or stored and presented all at once or after further scaling and analysis. This playback feature of sample data will be the subject of the remainder of the paper, for as we will see the playback need not be immediate nor on site, but could take place synchronously or asynchronously over the Internet. 

Most of the situations encountered in capillarity involve figures of revolution, and for these it is possible to write down explicit expressions for and R2 by choosing plane 1 so that it passes through the axis of revolution. As shown in Fig. II-7n, R then swings in the plane of the paper, i.e., it is the curvature of the profile at the point in question. R is therefore given simply by the expression from analytical geometry for the curvature of a line... 

The surface tensions for a certain cubic crystalline substance are 7100 = 160 ergs/cm, 7110 = 140 eigs/cm, and 7210 = 7120 = 140 ergs/cm. Make a Wulff construction and determine the equilibrium shape of the crystal in the xy plane. (If the plane of the paper is the xy plane, then all the ones given are perpendicular to the paper, and the Wulff plot reduces to a two-dimensional one. Also, 7100 = 7010. etc.)... 

The discussion here is confined to the more common type of foam, the polyederschaum and their interesting geometric aspects. If three bubbles are joined, as in Fig. XIV-13, the three separating films or septa meet to form a small triangular column of liquid (perpendicular to the paper in the figure)... 

It is curious that he never conuuented on the failure to fit the analytic theory even though that treatment—with the quadratic fonn of the coexistence curve—was presented in great detail in it Statistical Thermodynamics (Fowler and Guggenlieim, 1939). The paper does not discuss any of the other critical exponents, except to fit the vanishing of the surface tension a at the critical point to an equation... 

Figure Bl.16.14. Top, the canonical axes for triplet naphthalene. The z-axis is directed out of the plane of the paper. Bottom, energy levels and relative populations during the CIDEP triplet mechanism process. See text...

Manero J M, Masson D V, Marsai M and Pianeii J L 1999 Appiication of the technique of environmentai scanning eiectron microscopy to the paper industry Scanning 21 36-9... 

The long term behavior of any system (3) is described by so-called invariant measures a probability measure /r is invariant, iff fi f B)) = ft(B) for all measurable subsets B C F. The associated invariant sets are defined by the property that B = f B). Throughout the paper we will restrict our attention to so-called SBR-measures (cf [16]), which are robust with respect to stochastic perturbations. Such measures are the only ones of physical interest. In view of the above considerations about modelling in terms of probabilities, the following interpretation will be crucial given an invariant measure n and a measurable set B C F, the value /r(B) may be understood as the probability of finding the system within B. 

In this paper, we focus on numerical techniques for integrating the QCMD equations of motion. The aim of the paper is to systematize the discussion concerning numerical integrators for QCMD by ... 

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