The Caliper

Aside from meter sticks, there are other instruments used for linear measurement such as the caliper and micrometer. Their designs and mechanisms for use are very different, but both meet specific needs and have specific capabilities. 

A right-angle triangle pressed against a round surface that is up against another right-angled surface will provide a linear surface for a meter stick to make a 

A pair of dividers can be placed on the outside edge of a round 

If the smallest unit shown on the calipers is mm, then each of these represents one mm. 

This scale represents the measurements on the body of the caliper. 

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Permeable intervals can be identified from a number of logging tool measurements, the most basic of which is the caliper tool. The caliper tool is used to measure the borehole diameter which, in a gauge hole, is a function of the bit size and the mudcake thickness. Mudcake will only build up across permeable sections of the borehole where mud filtrate has invaded the formation and mud solids (which are too big to enter the formation pore system) plate out on the borehole wall. Therefore the presence of mudcake implies permeability. 

Methods for (a) to (c) are electromagnetic or use eddy currents. The method for (d) is a mechanical system similar to the caliper pig, in which the probe runs over the inner wall of the pipe over pits, shallow pits and penetration holes. 

Figure 4-284 shows a typical MWD density log compared to a wireline density log. The calipers are also shown. At 1620 ft, the wireline caliper detects a much larger caving because it was run several days later. 

The caliper is used to correct the density and neutron porosity measurements for borehole effects and also can be used as a borehole stability indicator. Figure 4-289 shows an example of comparison between the MWD ultrasonic caliper and the four-arm wireline caliper run five days later. 

The etched micro channels have different widths for more stable flow, e.g. to avoid a dependence on capillary forces in the reservoirs [18]. The glass chip is glued to a polymer caddy for interfacing with a multiport control device, the Caliper 42 Workstation. 

Despite much excitement in the 1990s over the potential for microfluidics and nanoengineering to revolutionize HTS, there have been few commercially viable systems that embody the concept. Most notable is the Caliper capillary electrophoresis... 

Hold the mice by the scruff of the neck and tail, and measure paw thickness of both hind ankle joints (Fig. 11.3). Be sure to position the caliper in the same way during each measurement. 

The clinical score better reflects the development of CIA in C57BL/6 mice than the caliper score. 

Each one of the lower units is one-tenth smaller than the width of a unit on the body of the caliper. 

Fig. 2.7 This representation of the marks on a caliper body and slide piece shows that 10 units on the slide piece are as long as 9 units on the caliper.

Another common tool for length measurement is the micrometer. Like the vernier caliper, in the United States, it is typically made with English measurements. Whereas the caliper can provide precision measurement (to 0.002 in.), you need a micrometer for greater precision ( 0.0001 in.). 

Whereas fluorescence is typically measured during non-separation, mix-and-read protocols offering high readout throughput, several approaches exist today that involve separation steps in front of the actual detection. In the Caliper Labchip technology, a multi-parallel microfluidic separation system coupled with fluorescence detection allows the monitoring of enzymatic reactions. Quantification of substrate and product of the enzymatic reaction, after separation from each other as well as from the test compound, minimises artefacts and offers ratiometric results, although with comparatively lower... 

Once the eomponents are identified, prediet their performance by identifying their critical inputs. For example, the performanee of the caliper component is affected by surface area, parallelism, volume, clamp load, deflection, and appearance of the ealiper (Exhibit 39.4). By measuring the performance of these individual items, we ean predict the performanee of the ealiper. 

Once the critical processes are identified, you can predict their performance by identifying the parameters that affect them. Again, we identify only two parameters that affect the caliper-welding process strength and... 

To measure the diameter of a tube the caliper jaws are adjusted so that they just touch the tube walls at diametrically opposite points. 

The final paper property we ll discuss is the caliper (or thickness) of an individual sheet of paper. If the paper is too thick, it may jam in feed mechanisms that have several curves in the paper path. (On the other hand, a paper that s too thin may not feed at all.)... 

Fig. 1 Schematic of a typical disk brake showing the caliper and rotor. The exploded view of a floating single piston caliper is...

It should be emphasised that the assumptions invoked by [3] may be reasonable during the initial stages, but in view of the anisotropic nature of both uncoated and to a lesser degree coated papers (3), its validity becomes more questionable as Vp increases. Also because several systems exhibited show-through prior to tj, values of D in these experiments (which are based upon the caliper rather than the value of h at t = ) are subject to an additional error. 

Stiffness. Paper is nearly twice as stiff in the machine direction as it is in the cross direction. The degree of stiffness is related to the caliper (substance), so that the thinner the paper, the lower is the stiffness, to the extent that the stiffness factor is proportional to the cube of thickness. Arising from this is a basic recommendation that the thinner the paper the more advantageous it is to print in the machine direction because of its greater stiffness. 

Calendering is basically a rolling or roller process (like an old-fashioned mangle) where a plastic is heated and then rolled with heated and then chilled rollers. The caliper is controlled by the gap between the cylinders. 

Measure the length of the fat column from the bottom of the lower meniscus to the sharp line between the glymol and the fat. See Figure E57-4 "A", p. 699. Then lower the calipers to "B" and determine the % fat. 

Caliper Life Sciences also provides a CE based kinase panel. The Caliper Life Sciences panel consists of 177 wt kinases (including some lipid kinases) and 12 mutant kinases. This company provides kinases and substrates on assay plates and is not strictly a screening service, but it could be a good way forward for labs that have access to a Caliper CE instrument. The company does also provide a smaller panel as a screening service. For more information about both of these, see http //www.caliperls.com/products/reagents/kinase-profiling/ profilerpro-kinase-selectivity-assay-kits.htm. 

The dimension gages show the length of the barrel and its diameter at various distances, the value in inches and parts being measured by the caliper gage. 

To obtain reliable measures of skinfold thickness, procedures are carefully defined. For example, in the triceps measurement, a fold of skin in the posterior aspect of the nondominant arm midway between shoulder and elbow is grasped gently and pulled away from the underlying muscle. The skinfold thickness reading is taken at a precise time, 2 to 3 seconds after applying the caliper, because the caliper compresses the skin. Even when these procedures are performed by trained dieticians, reliable measurements are difficult to obtain. 

Figure 2.11 This digital caliper Is being used to check the size of a nut to one-hundredth of a millimeter (0.01 mm). Skill is required to correctly position the part in the caliper. Experienced machinists will obtain more precise and more accurate readings than inexperienced machinists. 

These are also available as an easy-to-read dial depth gauge (Fig. 6.11) and an electronic model with an LCD digital readout (Fig. 6.12) operating in the same way as the caliper models. 

Figure 8. Time variant failure probability of the caliper.

In the case of the slip coefficient variation given in Figure 7, the pressure follows a sinusoidal curve with an average value equal to 5 MPa and average amplitude of around 0.55 MPa. The stress distribution around the caliper can be calculated with the Solidworks software, using the average value of pressure applied to the cahper. The maximum stress value obtained is equal to 196.2 MPa. 

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