Joint Ankle

Fuss g ger, m. pedestrian. geleok, n. ankle joint. gestell, n. pedestal, base, foot. glatte, /. black, impure litharge, -mehl, n. the lowest grade of flour, -note, / footnote, -pfund, n. foot pound, -puder, m. foot powder, -punkt, m. (Math.) foot (Aetron.) nadir base. -teppich, m. carpet, rug. -wurzel, /. tarsus, -zehe, /. toe. -zylinder, m. cylinder with a base. 

Pyrrolopyrazine 22 has an IC50 of 1.7nM against Syk [88] and significantly decreased ankle swelling in prophylactic and therapeutic rat CIA models, and micro-CT scans of ankle joints showed significant inhibition of bone erosion. While 22 is clearly a potent Syk inhibitor, no selectivity or in vitro functional data has been reported. The pyrrolopyrazine scaffold appears in a series of compounds, exemplified by 23, that are substituted in the pyrrole and pyrazine rings [89-92]. These compounds are claimed to inhibit Syk and JAK, but the limited data disclosed suggests that JAK is the dominant activity. 

Hold the mice by the scruff of the neck and tail, and measure paw thickness of both hind ankle joints (Fig. 11.3). Be sure to position the caliper in the same way during each measurement. 

Hanesch U, Blecher F, Stiller RU, Emson PC, Schaible HG, Heppelmann B (1995) The effect of a unilateral inflammation at the rat s ankle joint on the expression of preprotachykinin-A mRNA and preprosomatostatin mRNA in dorsal root ganglion cells—a study using non-radioactive in situ hybridization. Brain Res 700 279-284... 

It is important to emphasize the difference between the previously mentioned acute oedema tests in the rat-foot, and chronic chemically-induced arthritis , an example of which is formalin arthritis . In this type of experiment, first described by Selye , two or more injections of formalin are made into the subplantar area of the foot. After the acute oedema has subsided, the surrounding skin remains hyperaemic and after a few days the peri-articular connective tissue begins to proliferate, especially in the region of the ankle joint. Other irritants, such as mustard and kaolin , have also been used to produce such chronic articular damage. 

Drop in isometric moment at ankle joint After 10 min After 20 min After 30 min... 

The ankle joint is composed of two joints the talocrural (ankle) joint and the talocalcaneal (subtalar joint). The talocrural joint is formed by the articulation of the distal tibia and fibula with the trochlea of the talus. The talocalcaneal joint is formed by the articulation of the talus with the calcaneus. 

TABLE 49.1 Talocalcaneal (Ankle) Joint Contact Area... 

Joint motion of the talocrural joint has been studied to define the axes of rotation and their location with respect to specific anatomic landmarks (Table 49.2). The axis of motion of the talocrural joint essentially passes through the inferior tibia at the fibular and tibial maUeoh (Figure 49.3). Three types of motion have been used to describe the axes of rotation fixed, quasi-instantaneous, and instantaneous axes. The motion that occurs in the ankle joints consists of dorsiflexion and plantarflexion. Minimal or no transverse rotation takes place within the talocrural joint. The motion in the talocrural joint is intimately related to the motion in the talocalcaneal joint which is described next. 

D Ambrosia R.D., Shoji H., and Van Meter J. 1976. Rotational axis of the ankle joint comparison of normal and pathological states. Surg. Forum TI 507. 

Kimizuka M., Kurosawa H., and Fukubayashi T. 1980. Load-bearing pattern of the ankle joint. Contact area and pressure distribution. Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg. 96 45-49. 

Ski boot liner construction can be seen in Figure 11.6. The boot comprises a hard outer shell that is a formed plastic, and this provides the stiffness and support to the ankle/foot so that control and power to the ski can be achieved. The liner has two functions to perform first, it must conform to the shape of the foot in order to prevent the foot/ankle joint moving during skiing, and, second, it must provide comfort. The pressure exerted on the foot from being secured into position can lead to discomfort. Furthermore, the ski boot has to protect the foot from the cold and the wet. The outer part of the ski boot handles protection from water as it is an impermeable plastic structore, whereas the inner boot provides thermal insulation. 

The conflicted requirements of stiffness and comfort mean that a layered structure is utilised to provide a balance and compromise of properties. Figure 11.6b shows that the construction varies throughout the boot, specifically in part (c), the tongue of the boot. We can see that there is a four-layer structure the outer layer provides support to the boot structure, the next two layers (pink and blue) are both foam, allowing conformation round the bone and ankle joint whilst providing thermal insulation to the foot, the innermost layer is a two-layer knitted stracture with a foam middle. This section provides additional thermal insulation as well as being a softer foam to aid in comfort. Furthermore, the open structured foam, combined with the knitted back, allows the moisture to be moved away from the skin. 

There are many other applications of alumina as an implant material including knee prostheses, ankle joints, elbows, shoulders, wrists, and fingers. 

Harvest mouse ankle joints including the tibiotalar joint to the midfoot. 

Euthanize mice and harvest ankle joints, removing skin. 

Zhihao, Z., Yuan, Z., Ninghua, W., Fan, G., Kunlin, W., Qining., W. On the design of a robot-assisted rehabilitation system for ankle joint with contracture and/or spasticity based on proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp 736-741 (2014)... 

FIGURE 5.10 Retroreflective targets are placed over the medial and lateral malleoli and femoral condyles (a). These anatomical targets are used to define the frontal plane of the shank (h). The X axis projects from the ankle Joint center toward the knee joint center. The axis lies perpendicular to the frontal plane, with the Z axis given by the cross product of X and Y. The orthogonal axes in the tight panel represent the ACS,h , which is located at the COM of the segment. 

Force platforms are used to resolve the load a subject applies to the ground. These forces and moments are measured about X, Y, and Z axes specific to the force platform. In general, the orientation of the force platform axes will differ from the orientation of the reference axes of the object-space. This is illustrated schematically in Fig. 5.14. Thus, it is necessary that the ground reaction forces be transformed into the appropriate reference system before they are used in subsequent calculations. For example, the ground reaction forces acting on the foot should be transformed into the foot coordinate system, if ankle joint forces and moments are expressed in an anatomically meaningful reference system (i.e., about axes of the ACSfooi). 

Weidenhielm, L., Svensson, O. K., and Brostrom, L-A. (1995). Change of Adduction Moment About the Hip, Knee, and Ankle Joints After High Tibial Osteotomy in Osteoarthrosis of the Knee, Clinical Biomechanics, 7 177-180. 

Anderson et al. treated 37 patients with talar osteochondral defect (OCD) lesions via arthroscopic micioliacture repair and AM. Average OCD size was 1.9 cm on MRI and 1.3 cm intraoperatively. Liqnid form AM was used and applied directly to the lesion post debridement via needle technique and under direct visualization. Postoperative American College of Foot and Ankle Surgery (ACFAS) scores over a 2-year follow-up danonstrate significant improvement in ankle joint pain reduction and conclude that flowable AM shows promise in the adjunctive treatment of talar dome OCDs <2 cm in diameter. ... 

Handwear has to accommodate the change in length of material required to cover the dorsal aspect (an additional one-quarter, approximately, of the total length of the back of the hand) when a fist is made. A similar accommodation, but not as pronounced, has to be made for the movement of the ankle joint. Analysis of joint rotations and translations can minimise the difference in movement characteristics between the orthosis and body parts. Location of pressure applied to the body is critical to the physiological maintenance of the underlying skin and soft tissues. The use of customising layers between the orthoses enables shear to be accommodated, through a form of suspension. 

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