Films, Fibers, and Textiles

The first fire performance studies of nanocomposite polyamide-6 filaments reported were by Bourbigot et and these were converted into fabric hav- 

The poor performance of the thinner composite, which is corroborated by data for mass loss rate for composites having intermediate thicknesses (3.2 and 4 mm), may be explained in terms of competition between the formation of a 

TABLE 11.3 Tabulated and Calculated PHRR Results for Polyamide-6/Clay Nanocomposites 

Source Data from Refs. 27 and 42. Result predicted for 250-g/m fabric. 

Work in our own laboratories has shown, however, that in the presence of conventional flame retardants, nanoclays can promote additive and synergistic effects in PA6, PA6,6 Aims that have been used as models for respective fibers. This work has provided evidence that significant reductions in flame retardant additive concentrations may be achievable, as has been noted for other polymers in Section 11.3.1. Normally, minimal flame retardant additive contents of about 15 to 20% w/w are required, which are too high for inclusion in conventional synthetic fibers. This is because for fusible fiber-forming polymers snch as PA6, PA6,6, PET, and polypropylene, flame retardant property trends versns concentration are not linear but follow an S-shaped curve. This phenomenon is believed to be a consequence of the need to generate a threshold char level having an extended coherence throughout the polymer. It follows that this will 

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The possible ways of using biopolymers are determined by the achieved property level of the end products, the extrudate, the injection-molded solids, films, fibers, and textiles but also and most of all from the view point of costs both regarding polymer production and thermoplastic processing. 

Finishes that soak the fiber may be extracted and the solution deposited directly onto the MIR crystal. After evaporation of the solvent, thin films remain, to which MIR is very sensitive intense spectra of the solute can be obtained from microgram quantities. Fibers and textiles can be identified either by using at least 10 pg of substance to prepare micro KBr pellets, or by using about 500 mg and applying MIR techniques. 

Today, as shown in Figure 1, Toray s sales consist of 50% fiber and textiles, 23% plastics and films, and 27% others including the New Business. Looking towards the 21st century, Toray is placing emphasis on continued diversification into new business areas to ensure our continued future growth... 

Chem. Descrip. Aliphatic hydrocarbon resin emulsions Uses Resin emulsion used in combination with other aq. thermoplastic and/or elastomeric systems to produce coatings, paints, and adhesives extender, tackifier for NR, SR waterproof finishes for paper, textiles esp. suitable for use in high-styrene SBR, EVA resin, and polyacrylic-based latex paints, and in adhesives for bonding films, fibers, and granular materials food-pkg. and processing operations Properties Gardner 9 (50% in toluene) liq. dens. 0.97 kg/l vise. 3000 cps soften, pt. (R B) 63 C pH 8.5 anionic 50% aq. disp. 

Polyaniline salts may also be deposited by in situ adsorption polymerization" in a few minutes, as strongly adhering films on a variety of substrates/ such as natural and synthetic fibers and textiles,8 plastic, glass, silver chloride pellets etc.,9 by immersing the substrate in a freshly mixed acidic aqueous solution of aniline and oxidizing agent, such as ammonium peroxydisulfate. It is believed that a reactive intermediate, possibly an oligomeric radical cation of aniline, is first adsorbed, which subsequently polymerizes.8... 

Akay, M. and Barkley, D. (1983) On-line characterization in the quality control of extruded polypropylene film. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Polypropylene Fibers and Textiles III, York, October 1983, Plastics and Rubber Institute, London, 14-1-11. 

Polyaniline has also been deposited by in situ polymerization (chemically or electrochemically) as thin films or coatings (in the form of ES) on a variety of substrates such as glass slides, metal films, natural or synthetic fibers, and textiles, [25,26]. In the chemical oxidation process, the substrate was immersed in a newly prepared aqueous acidic solution containing aniline and ammonium peroxydisul-fate. The material deposited during the first 1-2 min was in the highly oxidized state and later changed into the oxidation state of emeraldine salt after —10 min [26]. 

Locust bean gum and its derivatives are exceUent film formers and can be used either alone or in combination with starch as textile sizing agents and dye thickeners in textile printing, and as fiber bonding and beater additives in the papermaking industry. However, in most of these appHcations it has been replaced by guar. 

Includes fibers, marine flotation, film, and textiles. 

Poly(ethylene terephthalate). PET is a crystalline material and hence difficult to plasticize. Additionally, since PET is used as a high strength film and textile fiber, plasticization is not usually required although esters showing plasticizing properties with PVC may be used in small amounts as processing aids and external lubricants. Plasticizers have also been used to aid the injection mol ding of PET, but only at low concentrations. 

The cellulose esters with the largest commercial consumption are cellulose acetate, including cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, and cellulose acetate propionate. Cellulose acetate is used in textile fibers, plastics, film, sheeting, and lacquers. The cellulose acetate used for photographic film base is almost exclusively triacetate some triacetate is also used for textile fibers because of its crystalline and heat-setting characteristics. The critical properties of cellulose acetate as related to appHcation are given in Table 10. 

Coatings and Surface Modifications. Probably the one application of photopolymer chemistry that has the most worldwide commercial value in terms of product sales is the use of photopolymer materials for curable coatings. Most of the wood paneling and less expensive furniture manufactured today utilize UV or electron-beam curable materials for decorative finishes (e.g. simulation of wood grain) and protective coatings. In addition, the surfaces of many commercially important materials (e.g. textile fibers and polyester films) are being modified by photopolymer processes. 

Surface Modifications. Basic photopolymer chemistry is also being used for the surface modification of films, textiles fibers, and many other organic-based materials (104). Some of the novel applications of photopolymer technology to surface modification include the design of cell repellent treatments and in photografting of various chemical functionality onto the surface of materials to improve color retention, enhance the adhesion of antistatic chemicals or to improve staining resistance. 

P.R.170 is not always heat stable enough to allow application in polyolefins. In HDPE systems formulated at 1/3 SD, the pigment tolerates exposure to 220 to 240°C for one minute. Its tinctorial strength, on the other hand, is excellent. P.R.170 is also occasionally used in polypropylene and polyacrylonitrile spin dyeing in the latter medium, it satisfies the specifications of the clothing and home textiles industries. Besides, P.R.170 lends color to viscose rayon and viscose cellulose it is used for the mass coloration of semisynthetic fibers made of cellulose last but not least, it colors yarns, fibers, and films made of secondary acetate. 

In spin dyed secondary acetate threads, fibers, and films, P.B1.25 exhibits good textile fastness properties the only problem is a certain lack of fastness to bleaching with sodium hypochlorite (Sec. 1.6.2.4). Its fastness to light in 0.1% spin dyed specimens equals step 3-4 on the Blue Scale, while 1% samples equal step 5. 

Other textile fibers such as polyethylene terephthalate came into production first in England and then in America. The English discovered the fiber and the Americans discovered the film. When it was drawn bi-axially, polyethylene terephthalate gave a very good film which has had wide use. 

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