Natural products textile sizing

POLYMERS, WATER-SOLUBLE. Any substance of high molecular weight which swells or dissolves in water at normal temperature. These fall into several groups, including natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic products. Their common property of water solubility makes them valuable for a wide variety of applications as thickeners, adhesives, coatings, fooe additives, textile sizing, etc. 

Calcium carbonate occurs in nature as hmestone in various forms, such as marble, chalk, and coral. It is probably the most widely-used raw material in the chemical industry. It has numerous apphcations, primarily to produce cement, mortars, plasters, refractories, and glass as budding materials. It also is used to produce quicklime, hydrated lime and a number of calcium compounds. It is produced either as powdered or precipitated calcium carbonate. The latter consists of finer particles of greater purity and more uniform size. They also have many important commercial apphcations. Various grades of precipitated calcium carbonate are used in several products, such as textiles, papers, paints, plastics, adhesives, sealants, and cosmetics. 

Until now we have mainly treated adsorption onto non-porous surfaces. In reality, most industrial and many natural materials are porous Textiles, paper, bricks, sand, porous rocks, food products, zeolites etc. We start our discussion with a classification of pores according to their size, which is recommended by IUPAC ... 

The use of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes for the separation of dissolved molecules of different size and nature has seen an increased interest in recent years. Depending on their pore size, membranes can be used in a variety of fields, such as removal of particulates from air, filtration of colloidal suspensions, treatment of product streams in the food and beverage industry, recovery of useful material from coating or dyeing baths in the automobile and textile industries and treatment of industrial waste waters (J, 2 ). UF membranes also serve as supports for ultrathin reverse osmosis (composite) membranes. 

Major industrial areas as the cement, ferro, non-ferro, petrochemical, textile or food industry, dispose of numerous Certified Reference Materials (organic and inorganic). For example, only the ferro-industry has already more than 300 CRMs and RMs listed in COMAR, the international database (jointly operated by LNE, BAM and NPL) which lists more than 10285 RMs (as of June 1998) of more than 400 producers [42]. Notwithstanding the size of the polymer industry (total production capacity for commodity thermoplastics is equal to over 140 Mt/a, of which about 50% of polyolefinic nature) it is surprising to note the scarcity of suitable polymer reference materials for elemental and molecular analysis. CRMs made from a polymer material and designed for molecular analysis are lacking totally, while those for elemental analysis are rare. In fact, until quite recently, for elemental analysis of polymers, only one set of four CRMs did exist, namely... 

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