Textile materials structures

The separation of dust from the gas stream consists of passing the dusty gas through a porous, flexible layer of textile material called a filter element, rhese filter elements, which are bag-shaped, are placed in structural enclo-... 

In Chapters 3-6, the commercially important chemical classes of dyes and pigments are discussed in terms of their essential structural features and the principles of their synthesis. The reader will encounter further examples of these individual chemical classes of colorants throughout Chapters 7 10 which, as a complement to the content of the earlier chapters, deal with the chemistry of their application. Chapters 7, 8 and 10 are concerned essentially with the application of dyes, whereas Chapter 9 is devoted to pigments. The distinction between these two types of colorants has been made previously in Chapter 2. Dyes are used in the coloration of a wide range of substrates, including paper, leather and plastics, but by far their most important outlet is on textiles. Textile materials are used in a wide variety of products, including clothing of all types, curtains, upholstery and carpets. This chapter deals with the chemical principles of the main application classes of dyes that may be applied to textile fibres, except for reactive dyes, which are dealt with exclusively in Chapter 8. 

The term may also be used with the meaning of structural reinforcement of rubber products, generally by combining the rubber with a textile material. 

Geotextiles are the polymeric textile materials that are widely used in civil engineering to provide reinforcement, filtration, separation, drainage, erosion resistance and asphalt reinforcement. They take many forms nonwoven and woven textiles, grids, and openwork structures sandwiched between layers of nonwoven for lateral drainage. The principal... 

DuPont and Shell have developed a new polyester, poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) (structure 19.38) that is structurally similar to PET, except that 1,3-propanediol (PDO) is used in place of ethylene glycol. The extra carbon in Sorona allows the fiber to be more easily colored giving a textile material that is softer with greater stretch. Further, it offers good wear and stain resistance for carpet use. The ready availability of the monomer PDO is a major consideration with efforts underway to create PDO from the fermentation of sugar through the use of biocatalysts for this conversion. Sorona and Lycra blends have already been successfully marketed. Sorona is also targeted for use as a resin and film. 

The use of Kevlar has been confined to specialised applications 98), where high mechanical performance and lightweight properties are essential, because of its present relatively high cost compared with conventional textile materials. These applications can be conveniently divided into two main categories, one where the fibres alone form the final product such as in cables and fabrics and the other where they act as reinforcing elements for the production of composite structures. 

The definition of a sensor is that it reacts to a parameter (for example, the volume of the mercury pool in a thermometer increases with temperature), and the intensity of the reaction is in relation to the parameter - for example, the measurement of an electrical current that is in relation to the concentration of the analyte oxidised or reduced at the electrode surface. The parameter to be investigated is the concentration of the analyte, while the parameter measured is an electrical current. As for the real devices, ultimately most signals are being transformed into electric ones. Electroactive materials are consequently of utmost importance with respect to intelligent textiles. Of course, apart from technical considerations, concepts, materials, structures and treatments must focus on the appropriateness for use in or... 

Designing FR textiles for required level of performance for specific end uses requires an understanding of the end-use conditions and specific flammability performance standards. Textiles in different applications are used either as a single component (e.g., apparel, curtains, bedsheets, etc.) or a component of the composite structure (e.g., furniture). In the latter, components other than textile material and their lay-up will also influence the burning behavior of the whole structure. This section discusses different fiber and fabric types used for different applications, associated fire hazards, and most relevant flammability performance standards. In Section 24.2, testing standards were discussed, which are used for testing materials to comply with performance standards discussed briefly in this section and in detail elsewhere.11... 

The softness of a textile material is presumably built up of two components the smoothness of the fibre and the smoothness of the fabric the latter is determined by the fabric construction and the yam structure (bulkiness, etc.). 

The analysis of dyes and pigments for textile applications is really a very broad subject because it usually involves many different types of analyses and the use of many sophisticated instruments. It is difficult to provide a detailed coverage in a short section here. Therefore, only some basic and simple analyses are introduced. Readers who want to know more can access the books published elsewhere. - Analysis of colorants can also mean many different things. Identification of colorants on textile materials is an important aspect of forensic analysis and also very useful for textile dyers. Characterisation of colorants is critical for colour chemists to know what chemical structures the colorant has. Determination of dye classes has its practical significance in making up dyeing and printing recipes as well as in the analysis of historical textiles. 

Results are presented of some preliminary tests of the irreversible immobilisation of poly(L,L-lactide) microspheres loaded with Triclosan antibacterial agent onto viscose non-woven structures. The research covered the production of a suspension containing microspheres loaded with Triclosan, tests on the bonding of microspheies with the base textile material and a quantitative assessment of the effect achieved (including microbiological tests). These results indicate the potential for development of new technologies for medical textiles. 11 refs. 

The structure of the filtration layer may be of various kinds, depending on the material and method of its treatment. Fibrous materials, granular layer and porous materials are used. Woven or bonded textile materials are used most frequently. Depending on the thickness of the filtration fibre, they are used for the retention of submicrometer to micrometer diameters of particles, the fibre thickness being in the range 2 to 10 /im. The filtration rates in the filtration layer are low, varying for different types between 0.01 and 1 m s ... 

In 2010, the European Polysaccharide Network of Excellence (EPNOE) prepared a research road map vision to 2020 focusing on polysaccharides used in material structuring [196]. This report was completed with a market study on biomass-based polymers and products reviewed by Shen et al. [41]. Future and present applications have been reported by the two leading producers of PLA (NatureWorks LLC and Purac) at Horizon 2020. It clearly appears that the most promising sectors are the textile, automotive and building sectors, which require durable PLA products (Figure 8.12). 

In tins connection it diould be borne in mind that structural modification of the fibor is a double-edged weapon since the improvements ate often achieved at the expense of existing fiber properties. The newly modifkd textile material may definitely show some valuable new properties for the required performance, but at the same time some of its excellent ori nal features may have become inq>aired so as to exclude the modified fiber from some of the tn itkmalmd uses of the KT material. Modification of the macromolecule should this be achieved with m oa-tion in order to ensure real success in in roving fiber quality at lea in a ven textfle area. This fact, explains why the modifications have resulted in different effects for different ends and why the improvements concern only one or a few properties of the fiber. For this reason, the big producer conq nies put on the market a great number of modified PET fibers, each of vhich is onfy capable of satisfying the requirements for specific performances. 

To understand the variety of textile materials, finishes and structures available for sport garments, it is important to understand the sport garment manufacturing pipeline (Figure 5.1) where the textile materials are converted into final products. 

A common use of silver nanoparticle is to incorporate them into the structure of textile materials. As a result, the textile intermediate product is formed, which, due to the presence of nanosUver, has biocidal properties. This means that the area of nanosUver application may reach sterile materials used in order to prevent or to minimize the emergence of bacterial infections. Duran and collaborates in... 

Key words lightweight construction, textile building materials, structural behaviour, physical characteristics. 

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